Figures (6)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1.  Plates showing mix cultures of fungal endophytes isolated from different plant parts of N. khasiana.

    • Figure 2.  SEM micrograph showing the presence of endophytic fungal spore in (a) leaf and (b) stem; the elongation of new hyphae from mycelia of fungal endophytes in (c) root and (d) pitcher cup.

    • Figure 3.  Percentage colonization frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from the leafs of N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016

    • Figure 4.  Percentage colonization frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from the stem of N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016

    • Figure 5.  Percentage colonization frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from the root of N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016

    • Figure 6.  Percentage colonization frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from the pitcher cup (PC) of N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016.

    • Sl. Endophytic fungal isolates L S R PC
      No.
      Phylum: Ascomycota- 17 Genera, 24 Species
      Class- Sordariomycetes
      Order- Hypocereales
      1 Acremonium murorum (Corda) W. Gams 1971 + - - +
      2 Cosmospora butyri (J.F.H. Beyma) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers 2011 + - - -
      3 Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982 + - - -
      4 F. redolens Wollenw. 1913 + + - -
      5 Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. Dickinson 1968 + + + +
      6 Rectifusarium ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015 - + + -
      Order- Sordariales
      1 Humicola fuscoatra Traaen 1914 - + + -
      2 Trichocladium griseum (Traaen) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken 2018 - + + +
      Order- Incertaesedis
      1 Arthrinium arundinis (Corda) Dyko & B. Sutton 1979 + - - +
      Order- Glomerellales
      1 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 1884 + - - +
      Class- Dothiodeomycetes
      Order- Pleosporales
      1 Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. 1912 - + + -
      2 Juxtiphoma eupyrena (Sacc.) Valenz.-Lopez, Crous, Stchigel, Guarro & + + + +
      Cano 2017
      Order- Capnodiales
      1 Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries 1952 + + + +
      Order- Tubeufiales
      1 Tubeufia cerea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hohn. 1919 + - + -
      Class- Eurotiomycetes
      Order- Eurotiales
      1 Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx 1901 + + + +
      2 P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling 1911 + - + +
      3 P. simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom 1930 + + + -
      4 P. jensenii K.W. Zaleski 1927 - - - +
      5 Talaromyces islandicus (Sopp) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert 2011 - - - +
      6 T. purpureogenus Samson, N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Spierenb., Seifert, + + + +
      Peterson, Varga & Frisvad 2011
      7 T. ruber (Stoll) N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson 2012 + + + +
      8 T. rugulosus (Thom) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert 2011 + + + +
      Class- Pezizomycetes
      Order- Pezizales
      1 Phymatotrichopsis omnivore (Duggar) Hennebert 1973 - + - -
      Class- Leotiomycetes
      Order- Incertaesides
      1 Scytalidium lignicola Pesante 1957 - - + -
      Phylum: Oomycota- 3 Genera, 5 Species
      Class- Incertaesides
      Order- Peronosporales
      1 Globisporangium intermedium (de Bary) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. 2010 - - + -
      2 G. irregular (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. 2010 + + + +
      3 Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schrot. 1889 - - - +
      4 P. cinnamomi Rands 1922 + + - +
      5 Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. 1923 - - + -
      Phylum: Zygomycota- 3 Genera, 5 Species
      Class- Mortierellomycetes
      Order- Mortierellales
      1 Mortierella sp. 1 + - - -
      2 Mortierella sp. 2 - - - +
      Class- Mucoromycetes
      Class- Mucorales
      1 Gongronella butleri (Lendn.) Peyronel & Dal Vesco 1955 + - - -
      2 Rhizopus microspores Tiegh. 1875 - - + -
      3 Rhizopus sp. - + - -
      Mycelia sterilia (MS)- 5 isolates
      1 MS (Black) - + - -
      2 MS(Brown) - + + +
      3 MS (Red) - + - -
      4 MS (White) + + + +
      5 MS (Yellow) + - + -
      Total- 23 Genera, 34 Species and 5 Mycelia sterilia
      L = leaf, S = stem, R = root, PC = pitcher cup, '+' = present and '-' = absent

      Table 1.  List of fungal endophytes isolated from different plant parts (leaf, stem, root and pitcher cup) of N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016.

    • Plant tissue Shannon index (H') Simpson's index of Dominance (D) Simpson, s diversity index (1-D) Species richness (S/√N) Species evenness (E)
      Leaf 2.78 0.07 0.92 1.64 0.96
      Stem 2.68 0.08 0.91 2.07 0.92
      Root 2.68 0.09 0.90 2.26 0.89
      Pitcher cup 2.76 0.07 0.90 2.34 0.90

      Table 2.  Diversity indices of fungal endophytes isolated from N. khasiana during the study period of 2015-2016.