Figures (8)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1.  Fusarium solani (KUMCC 20-0230). a-d Sporulated culture. e-g Mycelium. h-k Conidiogenous cell and conidia. l-q Conidia. Scale bars: e-k = 20 μm, l-q = 15 μm.

    • Figure 2.  Phylogram generated from Bayesian Inference analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, tef1- α and rpb2 dataset. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) equal to or higher than 80 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal to or greater than 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. The new isolate from this study is indicated in red bold. The tree is rooted with Geejayeesia atrofusca (NRRL 22316).

    • Figure 3.  Photographs of the PU film on medium with fungal growth before and after washing. a Mycelia growth on the PU surface film 90 days after incubation. b PU film degraded by Fusarium solani H14.

    • Figure 4.  Photographs after degradation of the PUPB patch by Fusarium solani H14. a PUPB-sterilized patch. b Mycelia growth on the PUPB-sterilized patch 90 days after incubation.

    • Figure 5.  Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of PU film ultrastructure after Fusarium solani H14 growth. a Control. b-d Fusarium solani H14 with PU film 90 days after the biodegradation experiment. Scale bars: a = 20 μm, b, c = 40 μm, d = 4 μm.

    • Figure 6.  Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the PUPB patch ultrastructure after Fusarium solani H14 growth. a Control. b-d Fusarium solani H14 with the PUPB patch 90 days after the biodegradation experiment. Scale bars: a = 100 nm, b = 100 μm, c, d = 10 μm.

    • Figure 7.  Relative enzyme activity (RA) displayed for production of enzymes by Fusarium solani H14.

    • Figure 8.  Enzyme activity by Fusarium solani H14 on medium plates. a Lipase production. b Esterase production, arrows 1 and 2 refer to colony diameter and opaque haloes diameter, respectively.

    • Taxon name Strain number Isolate habitat/host Location GenBank accession numbers
      LSU ITS tef1-α rpb2
      Geejayeesia atrofusca NRRL 22316 Staphylea trifolia USA AF178392 AF178423 AF178361 JX171609
      Fusarium catenata NRRL 54992 Zebra shark multiple tissues USA MG189913 KC808255 KC808213 KC808354
      Fusarium catenata NRRL 54993T Zebra shark multiple tissues USA MG189914 KC808256 KC808214 KC808355
      Fusarium croci CBS 115659 Potato Germany JX435206 JX435206 JX435156 JX435256
      Fusarium croci CBS 142423T Citrus sinensis Italy LT746264 LT746264 LT746216 LT746329
      Fusarium croci CPC 27187 Citrus sinensis Italy LT746265 LT746265 LT746217 LT746330
      Fusarium cyanescens CBS 518.82T = NRRL 37625 Human foot The Netherlands EU329684 EU329684 FJ240353 EU329637
      Fusarium falciformis CBS 318.73 = NRRL 22660 Trichosanthes dioica India JX435208 JX435208 JX435158 JX435258
      Fusarium falciformis CBS 475.67T Human Puerto Rico MG189915 MG189935 LT906669 LT960558
      Fusarium gamsii CBS 217.53 = NRRL 22655 Plywood Nigeria MG189916 MG189936 DQ247637 LT960559
      Fusarium gamsii CBS 143207T = NRRL 32323 Human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid USA DQ236462 DQ094420 DQ246951 EU329576
      Fusarium haematococa CBS 119600ET Dying tree Sri Lanka KM231664 KM231797 DQ247510 LT960561
      Fusarium illudens NRRL 22090 Beilschmiedia tawa New Zealand AF178362 AF178393 AF178326 JX171601
      Fusarium keratoplastica NRRL 43373 Contact lens Malaysia EF453072 EF453072 EF452920 EF469959
      Fusarium lichenicola NRRL 28030 Human Thailand DQ236397 DQ094355 DQ246877 EF470146
      Fusarium lichenicola NRRL 34123 Human eye India DQ236687 DQ094645 DQ247192 EU329635
      Fusarium macrospora CBS 142424T Citrus sinensis Italy LT746281 LT746266 LT746218 LT746331
      Fusarium macrospora CPC 28192 Citrus sinensis Italy LT746282 LT746267 LT746219 LT746332
      Fusarium mahasenii CBS 119594T Dead branch of live tree Sri Lanka JF433045 JF433045 DQ247513 LT960563
      Fusarium metavorans CBS 130400 = NRRL 43489 Human cornea USA DQ790528 DQ790528 DQ790484 DQ790572
      Fusarium metavorans CBS 143194 = NRRL 22782 Human corneal ulcer Spain EU329670 EU329670 DQ246850 EU329528
      Fusarium petroliphila NRRL 46706 = FMR 8340 Human blood Qatar EU329715 EU329715 NA EU329664
      Fusarium plagianthi NRRL 22632 Hoheria glabrata New Zealand AF178386 AF178417 AF178354 JX171614
      Fusarium pseudensiformis CBS 241.93 = NRRL 53635 Human Suriname JX435198 JX435198 JX435148 JX435248
      Fusarium pseudensiformis CBS 125729T Unknown dead tree Sri Lanka KC691584 KC691584 DQ247512 NA
      Fusarium solani CBS 140079ET = NRRL 66304 = FRC S-2364 Solanum tuberosum Slovenia KT313633 KT313633 KT313611 KT313623
      Fusarium solani NRRL 32484 = FRC S-1242 Human USA DQ236491 DQ094449 DQ246982 EU329583
      Fusarium solani NRRL 43474 Human eye USA EF453097 EF453097 EF452945 EF469984
      Fusarium solani KUMCC 20- 0230 Soil China JX435189 MW393522 MW460712 MW460711
      Fusarium suttoniana CBS 124892 Human nail Gabon DQ236659 JX435189 DQ247163 JX435239
      Fusarium suttoniana CBS 143214T = NRRL 32858 Human wound USA MG189926 DQ094617 LT906672 EU329630
      Fusarium tonkinensis CBS 115.40T = NRRL 53586 = IMI 113868 Musa sapientum Vietnam MG189927 MG189941 LT906673 LT960564
      Fusarium tonkinensis CBS 143038 Human cornea The Netherlands EF453092 MG189942 EF452940 LT960565
      Fusarium vasinfecta CBS 130182 = NRRL 43467 Human USA AF178392 EF453092 AF178361 EF469979
      Our strain sequence is indicated in bold. "NA" sequences are unavailable. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript "T". Ex-epitype strains are indicated with superscript "ET".

      Table 1.  Taxa names, strain numbers, host information, locations and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used for the phylogenetic analyses

    • Polymer type No. M1 (g) M2 (g) Difference (g) M (%) Average M (%)
      PU 1 0.4026 0.3020 0.1006 24.98
      2 0.4002 0.2895 0.1105 27.66 25.8
      3 0.3985 0.3001 0.9840 24.69
      PUPB 1 0.3791 0.3741 0.0050 1.32
      2 0.3375 0.3334 0.0041 1.21 1.3
      3 0.5142 0.5073 0.0069 1.34

      Table 2.  PU film and PUPB patch mass loss resulting from inoculated Fusarium solani H14