Back Article
    Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1.  A schematic flowchart for isolation and identification of endophytic fungi (Sun & Guo 2012).

    • Sr. No. Technique Taxonomic level Field of application
      1. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) Species to subspecies Classification
      2. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Species to subspecies Classification
      3. Inter simple sequence repeats (iSSRs) Species to subspecies Classification
      4. Isozyme analysis Subspecies Classification
      5. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Species to subspecies Phylogeny, classification and population studies
      6. DNA barcoding Species Classification
      7. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) sequencing Kingdom to species Phylogeny and classification
      8. Large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequencing Class to species Phylogeny
      9. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing Family to species Phylogeny and classification

      Table 1.  List of molecular techniques and their potential applications in identification of endophytic fungi

    • Sr. No. Fungal Endophyte Host Plant Anticancer Compound References
      1. Acremonium spp. Knema laurina Brefeldin A Chinworrungsee et al. (2008)
      Taxus baccata Leucinostatin Strobel & Hess (1997)
      2. Alternaria spp. Polygonum senegalense Alternariol Aly et al. (2008)
      Alternariol 5-O-sulfate
      Alternariol 5-O-methyl ether
      Altenusin
      Desmethylaltenusin
      Clerodendrum phlomidis Squalene Kumaradevan et al. (2015)
      3. Arthirnium arundinis violacea Polysiphonia Epiepoxydon Klemke et al. (2004)
      4. Aspergillus clavatus Taxus mairei Brefeldin Wang et al. (2002)
      5. Aspergillus fumigatus Cynodon dactylon 9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine Ge et al. (2009)
      6. Aspergillus brasiliensis Cynodon dactylon Rubrofusarin Song et al. (2004)
      Tabebuia argentea Lapachol Channabasava & Govindappa (2014)
      7. Aspergillus Sequoia Sequoiatones Stierle et al. (1999)
      parasiticus sempervirens Sequoiamonascin Stierle et al. (2003)
      8. Aspergillus terreus aspera Achyranthus Terrein Goutam et al. (2017)
      9. Bartalinia robillardoides Aegle marmelos Paclitaxel Gangadevi & Muthumary (2009)
      10. Cercospora spp. Fallopia japonica Cercosporene F Feng et al. (2014)
      11. Chaetomium globosum Polysiphonia urceolata Chaetopyranin Wang et al. (2006)
      Imperata cylindrica Chaetoglobosin Ding et al. (2006)
      Ulva pertusa Cytoglobosin Cui et al. (2010)
      Ephedra fasciculata Globosumone Bashyal et al. (2005)
      Curcuma wenyujin Chaetoglobosin X Wang et al. (2012)
      12. Floropilus chiversii Ephedra fasciculata Radicicol Turbyville et al. (2006)
      13. Entrophospora infrequens Nothapodytes foetida Camptothecin Puri et al. (2005)
      14. Eupenicillium spp. Xanthium sibiricum Eupenicillinol C, Eupenicillinol D Li & Kusari (2017)
      15. Eutypella spp. Etlingera littoralis Eutypellin Isaka et al. (2009)
      16. Fusarium nematophilum Camptotheca acuminata Camptothecin Su et al. (2014)
      17. Fusarium oxysporum Catharanthus roseus Vincristine Yang et al. (2004)
      Ephedra fasciculata Beauvericin Zhan et al. (2007)
      Cylindropuntia echinocarpus Bikaverin
      18. Fusarium solani Camptotheca acuminata Camptothecin, 9-Methoxycamptothecin Kusari et al. (2009b), Ran et al. (2017)
      Podophyllum hexandrum Podophyllotoxin Nadeem et al. (2012)
      19. Annulohypoxylon truncatum Artemisia annua Daldinone Gu et al. (2007)
      20. Lasiodiplodia theobromae Morinda citrifolia Taxol Pandi et al. (2011)
      21. Neurospora crassa Camptotheca acuminata Camptothecin Rehman et al. (2008)
      22. Pestalotiopsis fici Camellia sinensis Pestaloficiol Ling et al. (2009)
      23. Penicillium dodgei Pinellia ternata Dehydropaxilline Gao et al. (2017)
      24. Penicillium spp. Aegiceras corniculatum Leptosphaerone Penicillenone Lin et al. (2008)
      Annona squamosa Meleargine, Chrysogine Yunianto et al. (2014)
      Tabebuia argentea Lapachol Channabasava & Govindappa (2014)
      25. Pestalotiopsis microspora Torreya taxifolia Torreyanic acid Lee et al. (1996)
      Taxus wallichiana Paclitaxel Stierle et al. (1993)
      Artocarpus heterophyllus Hydroxypestalotin Riga et al. (2019)
      26. Pestalotia photiniae Roystonea regia Photinides Ding et al. (2009)
      27. Pestalotiopsis spp. Rhizophora mucronata Pestalotiopsone Xu et al. (2009)
      28. Pestalotiopsis terminaliae Terminalia arjuna Paclitaxel Gangadevi & Muthumary (2008)
      29. Phialocephala fortinii Podophyllum peltatum Podophyllotoxin Eyberger et al. (2006)
      30. Phomopsis longicolla Dicerandra frutescens Dicerandrol Wagenaar & Clardy (2001)
      31. Phomopsis spp. Musa acuminata Oblongolide Taridaporn et al. (2010)
      Tectona grandis Phomoxanthone Isaka et al. (2001)
      32. Phyllosticta spinarum Platycladus orientalis Tauranin Wijeratne et al. (2008)
      33. Rhinocladiella spp. Tripterygium wilfordii Cytochalasin Lee (1995)
      34. Rosellinia sancta-cruciana Albizia Jammosporin A lebbeck Sharma et al. (2018)
      35. Stemphylium globuliferum Mentha pulegium Alterporriol Debbab et al. (2009)
      36. Teratosphaeria spp. Pinus clausa Teratosphaerone A, Monosporascone Padumadasa et al. (2018)
      37. Canariomyces subthermophilus Hypericum perforatum Hypericin, Emodin Kusari et al. (2009a)
      38. Trametes hirsuta Podophyllum hexandrum Podophyllotoxin Puri et al. (2006)

      Table 2.  List of anticancer compounds isolated from fungal endophytes