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Figure 1. Average daily air temperature and daily precipitation from January 2018 to December 2020; and in the bottom right the maximum and minimum recorded air temperature and average annual precipitation during the experiment period from on-site or nearby weather stations for each site during 2018 to 2020.
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Figure 2. Cumulative turf performance index score at each location, which is the number of times a treatment occurred in the top statistical group across all parameters. The maximum possible turf performance index number is the following: Indiana (14), North Carolina (12), Georgia (7), Arizona (5), and California (4). Treatments with a blank cell with x indicate the entry or check was not planted at the location.
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Indiana North Carolina Georgia Arizona California Location, City W.H. Daniel Turfgrass Research and Diagnostic Center, West Lafayette Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab, Raleigh Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton Evergreen Turf, Stanfield American Sod Farms, Escondido Latitude and Longitude 40°26′31″N; 86°55′47″W 35°44′18″N; 78°40′39″W 31°28′30″N; 83°31′34″W 32°55′23″N; 111°56′17″W 33°5′26″N; 117°0′24″W Soil type Silt loam Sandy loam Loamy sand Sandy loam Sandy loam Climate classificationa Warm temperate, no dry season, hot summer (Cfa) Warm temperate, no dry season, hot summer (Cfa) Warm temperate, no dry season, hot summer (Cfa) Hot arid, desert, hot summer (BWh) Arid, steppe, hot dry summer, cool wet winter, (BSk) USDA plant hardiness zoneb 5b
(−26.1 to −23.3 °C)7b
(−15 to −12.2 °C)8b
(−12.2 to −9.4 °C)9b
(−3.9 to −1.1 °C)10a
(−1.1 to 1.7 °C)2018 planting date 22 May 10 July 1 June 29 May 30 May a From Köppen-Geiger climate map[23,24]. Map retrieved from http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at.
b Average annual extreme minimum temperature in parentheses and USDA map retrieved from https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov.Table 1. Site information.
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Entry Winterkilla Turf colorb Densityc 2019
Uniformityd2019
Drought resistanceeAvg turf qualityf Avg ball lieg Avg leaf textureh TPIi 2019 2020 Spring 2019 Summer 2019 Autumn 2019 Spring 2020 Summer 2020 Autumn 2020 2019 2020 PURZ 1602 6.3 a-dj 7.0 a-d 5.7 ab 6.3 d-f 6.0 b-f 6.0 bc 7.3 ab 7.0 efg 5.0 b-e 8.7 a 5.7 cde 5.7 b-f 6.8 abc 38.9 b-e 5.2 de 6 PURZ 1603 6.0 bcd 6.3 a-e 6.7 a 4.7 h 4.7 fg 5.7 bcd 6.0 cd 6.0 hi 5.3 bcd 6.3 b-e 6.0 bcd 4.7 e-h 6.5 a-d 32.0 d-h 4.2 fg 3 PURZ 1606 7.3 ab 6.0 b-f 6.7 a 5.0 gh 5.0 efg 6.0 bc 6.0 cd 6.3 gh 5.7 abc 6.3 b-e 7.0 abc 4.3 e-h 6.8 abc 32.0 d-h 3.3 h 5 PURZ 1701 7.0 abc 7.3 abc 7.0 a 5.0 gh 5.0 efg 6.3 b 6.0 cd 6.7 fgh 6.0 ab 8.0 ab 8.3 a 7.0 abc 7.5 a 24.1 ghi 4.0 g 8 PURZ 1702 5.0 def 5.3 d-g 4.3 bc 6.3 d-f 4.3 g 6.0 bc 6.3 bcd 5.3 ij 4.0 c-g 5.7 c-f 4.7 d-g 3.7 gh 5.3 d-g 38.4 b-e 4.7 ef 0 XZ14055 4.0 efg 7.3 abc 3.3 cd 9.0 a 7.0 abc 6.0 bc 8.0 a 8.0 bcd 3.7 d-h 8.0 ab 4.3 d-h 6.0 b-e 6.0 a-e 49.2 ab 6.5 b 7 XZ14069 2.7 g-j 6.0 b-e 1.3 e 8.7 ab 7.3 ab 5.3 b-e 7.0 abc 8.3 abc 2.0 hi 5.3 def 2.7 ghi 6.3 a-d 4.0 gh 52.3 a 7.2 a 6 XZ14070 5.3 cde 6.3 a-e 4.0 bc 6.7 c-f 5.7 c-g 5.3 b-e 6.7 bcd 8.0 bcd 4.0 c-g 6.3 b-e 5.0 def 6.7 abc 5.8 b-f 47.5 ab 5.5 cd 3 XZ14071 2.7 g-j 5.6 c-g 3.0 cde 8.2 abc 7.5 ab 4.7 c-g 6.4 bcd 8.5 abc 3.1 e-i 6.1 b-f 4.1 d-i 6.1 a-e 5.5 c-g 41.5 a-d 6.8 ab 5 XZ14072 5.0 def 6.3 a-e 3.3 cd 7.0 b-e 5.7 c-g 4.7 c-g 6.0 cd 6.7 fgh 4.7 b-f 8.7 a 5.7 cde 7.0 abc 6.8 abc 34.3 c-g 6.7 ab 4 XZ14074 1.3 ij −k − − − − − − − − − − − − − 0 XZ14092 3.7 efg 5.5 c-g 2.5 cde 6.9 b-f 5.0 efg 5.0 b-f 7.0 abc 6.5 fgh 2.9 f-i 4.3 ef 3.4 f-i 4.5 e-h 4.1 gh 37.6 b-f 6.8 ab 1 ZG09004 8.0 a 6.0 b-f 7.0 a 5.0 gh 5.0 efg 5.0 b-f 6.3 bcd 6.0 hi 7.3 a 5.7 c-f 8.7 a 6.7 abc 7.0 abc 17.2 i 4.2 fg 6 ZG09055 7.3 ab 6.0 b-f 6.7 a 6.0 e-h 5.3 d-g 5.3 b-e 6.0 cd 5.3 ij 5.7 abc 5.3 def 7.7 ab 6.0 b-e 6.9 abc 22.0 hi 4.0 g 5 ZG09062 1.7 hij 5.9 b-g 1.5 de 8.7 ab 5.5 c-g 2.8 ij 8.0 a 7.5 c-f 1.5 i 6.7 bcd 2.6 ghi 6.4 a-d 5.0 d-h 39.4 a-e 6.4 b 4 09-TZ-54-9 1.7 hij 6.0 b-f 2.0 de 7.5 a-e 5.5 c-g 5.0 b-f 6.5 bcd 9.0 a 1.9 hi 6.3 b-e 2.4 hi 7.0 abc 4.6 e-h 51.1 ab 5.8 c 4 09-TZ-89-73 1.7 hij 4.0 g 1.7 de 6.3 d-f 6.0 b-f 2.0 j 4.0 e 7.3 def 1.7 i 4.7 ef 2.7 ghi 5.3 c-g 3.8 h 45.8 abc 5.8 c 1 10-TZ-994 7.3 ab 7.7 ab 7.0 a 6.0 e-h 5.7 c-g 6.0 bc 7.3 ab 7.0 efg 7.3 a 9.0 a 8.0 a 6.7 abc 7.4 a 48.8 ab 4.5 fg 10 10-TZ-1254 2.7 g-j 5.7 c-g 2.0 de 9.0 a 8.0 a 3.3 hi 7.3 ab 8.0 bcd 2.3 ghi 7.3 a-d 4.0 e-i 8.0 a 6.2 a-d 29.5 e-h 5.5 cd 7 15-TZ-11766 1.0 j −k − − − − − − − − − − − − − 0 16-TZ-12036 3.7 efg 4.3 fg 3.0 cde 6.3 d-f 4.7 fg 3.0 ij 7.3 ab 7.7 cde 3.7 d-h 5.3 def 3.3 f-i 3.3 h 4.5 fgh 46.7 ab 6.5 b 1 16-TZ-12783 1.0 j −k − − − − − − − − − − − − − 0 16-TZ-13463 1.0 j −k − − − − − − − − − − − − − 0 16-TZ-14114 3.5 e-h 6.0 b-f 2.0 de 7.0 b-e 6.3 b-e 3.7 ghi 6.7 bcd 7.7 cde 2.7 ghi 8.3 ab 5.7 cde 8.0 a 7.0 ab 30.2 d-h 5.2 de 3 Chisholm 4.0 efg 6.0 b-f 4.3 bc 6.7 c-f 5.3 d-g 4.7 d-g 5.7 d 7.0 efg 3.7 d-h 7.3 a-d 4.7 d-g 7.3 ab 6.4 a-d 28.4 e-h 4.7 ef 3 Meyer 7.3 ab 8.0 a 6.3 a 5.3 fgh 5.7 c-g 6.3 b 6.7 bcd 6.7 fgh 6.3 ab 8.7 a 7.0 abc 6.0 b-e 7.5 a 36.8 b-f 5.5 cd 7 Empire 2.7 g-j 6.7 a-d 2.0 de 8.3 ab 6.7 a-d 4.3 e-h 6.3 bcd 8.0 bcd 2.0 hi 8.0 ab 3.3 f-i 6.7 abc 6.0 a-e 43.1 abc 5.3 cd 7 Jamur 3.3 fgh 7.0 a-d 2.0 de 7.7 a-d 6.7 a-d 4.3 e-h 6.7 bcd 8.7 ab 2.7 ghi 8.0 ab 5.0 def 7.3 ab 7.0 abc 38.3 b-e 5.3 cd 7 Zenith 3.0 ghi 4.7 efg 2.7 cde 6.7 c-f 5.7 c-g 4.0 f-i 6.7 bcd 7.0 efg 2.0 hi 4.0 f 2.3 i 4.0 fgh 3.7 h − 5.3 cd 0 'Riviera' bermudagrass 2.3 g-j 7.5 abc 2.0 de 8.5 ab 2.5 h 8.0 a 8.0 a 4.5 j 2.4 ghi 7.8 abc 5.4 c-f 8.0 a 6.0 a-e 33.8 c-g 6.8 ab 7 P-value < 0.0001 0.0035 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 a Winterkill ratings: 9 = fully green; 1 = no green tissue.
b Spring green-up/seasonal color/color retention ratings: 9 = darkest green; 6 = minimally acceptable color; 1 = straw brown turf.
c Density: 9 = maximum density; 6 = minimally acceptable density; 1 = lowest density.
d Uniformity: 9 = maximum uniform turf; 1 = lowest uniformity.
e Drought stress resistance: 9 = no wilting or leaf firing; 100% green-no dormancy; 1 = complete wilting, 100% leaf firing or complete dormancy
f Quality: 9 = maximum quality; 6 = minimum acceptable quality; 1 = lowest quality. Turf quality means (n = 33) calculated from 11 collection dates during 2019−2020.
g Ball lie: Percentage visible golf ball within the turf canopy. Means (n = 45) calculated from five collection dates in 2019−2020 where percentage of three visible golf balls were measured within each plot from using the method developed by Richardson et al.[25].
h Leaf texture: 9 = fine and 1 = coarse. Leaf texture means (n = 6) calculated from two collection dates during 2019−2020.
i TPI is the turf performance index representing the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group (max 14), not including leaf texture ratings.
j Means within each column (except TPI) with a common letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).
k Entry or check either did not survive 2018−2019 winter or not enough replications remaining to analyze.Table 2. Year 2019 to 2020 data and cumulative turf performance index (TPI) for treatments in West Lafayette, Indiana, treatments that ranked in the top statistical group in ≥ 50% of the parameters are highlighted in bold
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Entry Winterkilla Turf colorb Densityc Uniformityd Avg turf
qualityeAvg ball
liefAvg Leaf
texturegTPIh 2019 2020 Autumn 2018 Summer 2019 Autumn 2019 Summer 2020 Autumn 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 PURZ 1602 3.3 ji 7.3 abc 2.7 fgh 8.0 a 4.7 c-f 7.1 bcd 4.5 e-i 7.0 bcd 6.5 b-f 7.0 a-d 6.0 bcd 5.9 d-g 59.2 6.3 efg 3 PURZ 1603 4.3 ij 7.0 abc 2.0 h 6.7 cd 4.0 efg 6.7 cde 4.0 ghi 6.0 ef 5.3 fg 7.0 a-d 6.7 a-d 4.9 ij 50.1 5.3 hi 3 PURZ 1606 4.3 ij 7.7 ab 2.0 h 7.7 ab 3.7 fgh 6.7 cde 3.3 i 6.0 ef 4.3 gh 7.3 abc 7.7 a 4.8 j 51.2 4.5 j 4 PURZ 1701 5.3 f-i 8.0 a 2.3 gh 7.0 bcd 3.7 fgh 5.7 ef 3.3 i 6.3 de 5.3 fg 7.3 abc 7.3 ab 4.9 ij 47.2 5.2 i 3 PURZ 1702 4.3 ij 6.5 a-d 2.0 h 7.0 bcd 2.5 h −j − 6.0 ef − 7.0 a-d − 5.5 e-i 59.7 6.1 fg 2 XZ14055 5.3 f-i 6.0 a-d 4.7 b-f 8.0 a 5.0 b-f 7.6 abc 6.0 bcd 7.3 ab 5.5 efg 6.7 a-d 5.5 d 5.7 e-h 59.1 7.2 cd 5 XZ14069 8.7 a 8.0 a 6.0 ab 8.0 a 6.3 a 7.3 bc 6.7 ab 8.0 a 8.0 a 7.0 a-d 6.3 bcd 7.1 a 74.9 8.0 a 10 XZ14070 8.0 ab 6.7 abc 4.0 b-h 8.0 a 5.0 b-f 7.6 abc 5.0 c-g 7.7 ab 7.0 a-d 6.7 a-d 6.5 a-d 5.8 d-g 57.2 6.8 de 8 XZ14071 6.7 b-f 7.3 abc 5.0 a-e 7.7 ab 5.7 abc 6.7 cde 5.3 c-f 7.3 ab 6.3 c-f 7.0 a-d 6.7 a-d 6.1 de 52.6 7.2 cd 7 XZ14072 7.7 abc 7.7 ab 3.7 c-h 8.0 a 4.3 d-g 5.1 f 4.5 e-i 8.0 a 7.5 abc 7.7 ab 6.5 a-d 6.2 cde 59.2 7.3 bcd 7 XZ14074 7.0 b-e 3.0 ef 4.0 b-h −j − − − − − − − − − − 0 XZ14092 4.7 hij 4.0 def 2.7 fgh 8.0 a 3.9 e-h − − 6.9 b-e − 6.0 cde − 5.2 g-j 49.3 6.9 de 1 ZG09004 6.7 b-f 7.3 abc 2.7 fgh 7.3 abc 3.3 gh 6.7 cde 4.3 f-i 5.3 f 4.3 gh 7.0 a-d 6.7 a-d 4.8 j 37.4 5.0 ij 4 ZG09055 5.0 ghi 5.3 cde 2.3 gh 7.3 abc 3.3 gh 7.3 bc 3.7 hi 6.3 de 4.0 h 7.0 a-d 7.7 a 5.1 hij 50.9 5.2 i 3 ZG09062 5.3 f-i 2.7 f 4.0 b-h 7.7 ab 4.3 d-g 7.3 bc 6.3 abc 7.0 bcd 7.7 ab 6.3 bcd 7.0 abc 6.4 bcd 52.4 7.7 abc 4 09-TZ-54-9 6.7 b-f 7.7 ab 4.3 b-g 8.0 a 6.0 abc 7.0 bcd 6.7 ab 8.0 a 8.0 a 6.0 cde 6.0 bcd 7.0 ab 47.8 7.8 ab 7 09-TZ-89-73 6.7 b-f 3.0 ef 5.3 a-d 6.3 d 4.3 d-g 6.1 def 5.5 b-f 7.0 bcd 6.5 b-f 7.0 a-d 6.0 bcd 5.7 e-h 60.5 6.5 ef 2 10-TZ-994 6.0 d-h 6.0 a-d 3.7 c-h 8.0 a 4.0 efg 8.7 a 5.0 c-g 6.3 de 6.7 b-e 6.0 cde 7.3 ab 5.6 e-h 44.2 6.0 fg 4 10-TZ-1254 7.3 a-d 6.3 a-d 7.0 a 7.7 ab 4.7 c-f 6.7 cde 7.5 a 7.3 ab 7.3 abc 8.0 a 7.7 a 6.4 bcd 52.7 6.5 ef 9 15-TZ-11766 7.0 b-e 6.3 a-d 4.0 b-h 8.0 a 5.4 a-e −j − 6.4 cde − 7.0 a-d − 5.9 def 65.7 6.2 fg 4 16-TZ-12036 6.0 d-h 4.0 def 5.0 a-e 7.7 ab 5.5 a-d 7.1 bcd 5.0 c-g 6.7 cde 6.5 b-f 6.0 cde 7.0 abc 6.1 cde 50.7 6.8 de 4 16-TZ-12783 5.7 e-i 4.0 def 5.7 abc 8.0 a 4.0 efg 8.0 ab 6.7 ab 7.7 ab 7.3 abc 7.7 ab 5.7 d 6.8 abc 57.1 7.2 cd 8 16-TZ-13463 5.7 e-i 5.5 b-e 4.0 b-h 8.0 a 5.1 a-f −j − 6.1 def − 4.0 f − 5.8 d-g − 7.3 bcd 2 16-TZ-14114 6.0 d-h 6.0 a-d 5.7 abc 7.3 abc 3.0 gh 7.1 bcd 6.0 bcd 6.7 cde 7.0 a-d 7.7 ab 8.0 a 5.9 def 60.3 6.2 fg 6 Chisholm 6.7 b-f 6.7 abc 3.7 c-h 7.3 abc 4.7 c-f 7.0 bcd 5.3 c-f 6.0 ef 6.7 b-e 5.7 def 6.7 a-d 5.7 e-h 42.3 5.8 gh 3 Meyer 6.3 c-g 7.0 abc 3.3 d-h 7.7 ab 4.0 efg 8.0 ab 4.7 d-h 6.7 cde 6.7 b-e 7.0 a-d 7.7 a 5.7 e-h 54.0 6.3 efg 5 Empire 5.3 f-i 6.7 abc 4.0 b-h 8.0 a 4.0 efg 7.3 bc 5.7 b-e 6.3 de 6.0 def 7.3 abc 7.7 a 5.7 e-h 54.6 5.8 gh 4 Jamur 6.0 d-h 5.7 bcd 5.7 abc 7.0 bcd 3.7 fgh 7.0 bcd 6.0 bcd 7.0 bcd 7.3 abc 8.0 a 7.7 a 6.1 cde 51.3 6.3 efg 4 Zenith 6.0 d-h 5.3 cde 3.0 e-h 7.7 ab 5.3 a-e 7.7 abc 4.7 d-h 6.0 ef 6.0 def 4.7 ef 6.0 bcd 5.3 f-j 52.7 5.8 gh 3 'Riviera' bermudagrass 3.3 j −j 4.7 b-f − − − − − − − − − − − 0 P-value < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0009 0.0003 < 0.0001 0.0003 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0064 0.0046 < 0.0001 0.0602 < 0.0001 a Winterkill ratings: 9 = fully green; 1 = no green tissue.
b Seasonal color/color retention ratings: 9 = darkest green; 6 = minimally acceptable color; 1 = straw brown turf.
c Density: 9 = maximum density; 6 = minimally acceptable density; 1 = lowest density.
d Uniformity: 9 = maximum uniform turf; 1 = lowest uniformity.
e Quality: 9 = maximum quality; 6 = minimum acceptable quality; 1 = lowest quality. Turf quality means (n = 12) calculated from four collection dates during 2018−2020.
f Ball lie: Percentage visible golf ball within the turf canopy. Means (n = 54) calculated from six collection dates in 2019−2020 where percentage of three visible golf balls were measured within each plot from using the method developed by Richardson et al.[25].
g Leaf texture: 9 = fine and 1 = coarse. Leaf texture means (n = 6) calculated from two collection dates during 2019−2020.
h TPI is the turf performance index representing the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group (max 12), not including leaf texture ratings.
i Means within each column (except TPI) with a common letter or no letters are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).
j Entry or check did not survive establishment in 2018 or winter, and not enough replications remaining to analyze.Table 3. Year 2018 to 2020 data and cumulative turf performance index for treatments in Raleigh, North Carolina, treatments that ranked in the top statistical group in ≥ 50% of the parameters are highlighted in bold.
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Entry Turf colora Avg dark green color indexb Uniformityc Avg turf qualityd Avg ball liee TPIf Spring 2019 Summer 2019 Autumn 2019 Autumn 2020 PURZ 1602 3.0 jkg 0.730 f-j 4.0 fg 3.7 h-l 5.7 b-f 4.7 f-i 55.3 e-k 0 PURZ 1603 3.0 jk 0.736 f-i 3.0 g 3.0 jkl 3.7 h 3.9 hi 53.0 g-k 0 PURZ 1606 2.7 jk 0.796 a 4.0 fg 5.0 d-i 4.7 e-h 4.7 f-i 51.8 h-k 1 PURZ 1701 3.3 ijk 0.737 e-i 4.0 fg 3.7 h-l 5.3 c-g 4.2 hi 48.7 jk 0 PURZ 1702 3.0 jk 0.750 c-g 4.0 fg 3.3 i-l 4.3 efg 3.8 i 62.8 a-h 1 XZ14055 3.7 h-k 0.741 d-h 5.7 cde 4.3 f-k 4.3 efg 4.3 ghi 68.5 a-d 1 XZ14069 8.0 a 0.736 f-i 7.7 a 6.0 c-f 6.3 a-d 6.7 abc 60.7 b-i 4 XZ14070 3.0 jk 0.791 ab 6.0 b-e 5.7 c-g 5.3 c-g 5.8 c-f 56.3 e-j 1 XZ14071 4.0 g-j 0.709 ijk 6.0 b-e 4.7 e-j 3.7 h 4.5 ghi 64.2 a-g 1 XZ14072 5.3 d-g 0.699 k 4.7 ef 4.0 g-l 5.3 c-g 4.6 ghi 66.0 a-f 1 XZ14074 6.7 a-d 0.698 k 5.0 ef 2.3 l 4.0 gh 3.8 i 71.4 ab 2 XZ14092 3.7 h-k 0.738 e-i 5.0 ef 3.7 h-l 5.0 d-h 4.0 hi 72.0 ab 1 ZG09004 1.0 l 0.747 c-g 5.3 def 5.3 c-h 5.3 c-g 5.4 d-g 55.7 e-k 0 ZG09055 1.0 l 0.759 c-f 4.7 ef 4.0 g-l 4.7 e-h 4.2 hi 60.2 c-i 0 ZG09062 5.7 c-f 0.716 h-k 6.0 b-e 8.0 ab 7.0 ab 6.4 a-d 58.1 d-j 3 09-TZ-54-9 6.3 b-e 0.757 c-g 6.7 a-d 6.7 bcd 7.0 ab 6.8 abc 63.7 a-g 4 09-TZ-89-73 7.0 abc 0.705 jk 6.0 b-e 7.0 abc 6.0 a-e 6.0 b-e 54.3 g-k 3 10-TZ-994 5.0 e-h 0.756 c-g 4.0 fg 2.7 kl 5.7 b-f 4.1 hi 68.7 a-d 1 10-TZ-1254 7.7 ab 0.729 g-j 5.7 cde 3.7 h-l 4.7 e-h 4.4 ghi 62.1 a-h 2 15-TZ-11766 5.0 e-h 0769 a-d 7.0 abc 8.7 a 6.0 a-e 7.2 ab 53.6 g-k 5 16-TZ-12036 3.0 jk 0.744 c-h 5.7 cde 7.0 abc 6.7 abc 6.1 b-e 66.4 a-e 3 16-TZ-12783 7.0 abc 0.790 ab 7.3 ab 7.0 abc 6.7 abc 7.3 a 73.5 a 7 16-TZ-13463 7.3 ab 0.744 c-h 7.3 ab 5.0 d-i 5.3 c-g 6.2 a-e 73.2 a 4 16-TZ-14114 5.0 e-h 0.771 abc 5.7 cde 6.7 bcd 5.7 b-f 6.0 b-e 54.9 f-k 1 Chisholm 3.0 jk 0.733 f-j 5.0 ef 6.0 c-f 7.3 a 5.8 c-f 60.2 c-i 1 Meyer 2.3 kl 0.765 b-e 5.0 ef 5.0 d-i 5.0 d-h 5.1 e-h 56.1 e-j 1 Empire 4.7 f-i 0.768 a-d 6.0 b-e 6.3 b-e 6.3 a-d 6.1 b-e 49.4 ijk 2 Jamur 4.7 f-i 0.768 a-d 5.3 def 6.3 b-e 6.3 a-d 6.0 b-e 53.5 g-k 2 Zenith 4.7 f-i 0.694 k 4.0 fg 3.3 i-l 5.0 d-h 3.8 i 59.0 d-j 0 'Riviera' bermudagrass 4.0 g-j 0.758 c-g 5.3 def 6.0 c-f 4.0 gh 4.8 f-i 44.5 k 0 P-value < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 a Seasonal color ratings: 9 = darkest green; 6 = minimally acceptable color; 1 = straw brown turf.
b Dark green color index: digital images calculated on a 0 to 1 scale with higher values corresponding to darker green color.
c Uniformity: 9 = maximum uniform turf; 1 = lowest uniformity.
d Quality: 9 = maximum quality; 6 = minimum acceptable quality; 1 = lowest quality. Turf quality means (n = 12) calculated from four collection dates during 2019−2020.
e Ball lie: Percentage visible golf ball within the turf canopy. Means (n = 18) calculated from two collection dates in 2019−2020 where percentage of three visible golf balls were measured within each plot from using the method developed by Richardson et al.[25].
f TPI is the turf performance index representing the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group (max 7).
g Means within each column (except TPI) with a common letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).Table 4. Year 2018 to 2020 data and cumulative turf performance index for treatments in Tifton, Georgia, treatments that ranked in the top statistical group in ≥ 50% of the parameters are highlighted in bold.
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Entry 2019 Winterkilla Turf colorb 2019
Densityc2019
UniformitydAvg turf
qualityeTPIf Autumn 2018 Spring 2019 Autumn 2019 Summer 2020 PURZ 1602 6.0g 6.0 cde 5.7 b-f 3.7 ghi −i 4.7 ghi 5.0 4.9 hi 0 PURZ 1603 6.0 4.0 f 5.7 b-f 2.3 jk 4.0 3.0 j 5.0 3.8 jk 0 PURZ 1606 7.3 5.6 c-f 5.0 c-g 2.0 k 3.0 4.0 ij 4.7 3.6 k 0 PURZ 1701 6.7 4.7 ef 3.3 g 3.3 hij 4.0 4.0 ij 4.7 4.0 jk 0 PURZ 1702 7.0 5.0 def 5.3 b-f 2.7 ijk 4.5 4.0 ij 5.0 3.9 jk 0 XZ14055 7.3 6.0 cde 4.3 efg 6.3 bc 5.0 4.3 hi 5.5 5.3 e-h 0 XZ14069 8.0 7.3 abc 8.0 a 7.7 a 7.5 7.3 ab 6.3 6.8 a 5 XZ14070 6.7 6.3 bcd 6.3 a-d 5.3 c-e 5.5 5.3 e-h 6.0 5.8 b-f 1 XZ14071 6.3 5.3 def 4.3 fg 4.7 efg 6.0 6.0 c-f 6.3 5.0 c-h 0 XZ14072 7.0 5.0 def 6.0 b-e 5.3 c-e 6.0 5.7 d-g 6.0 5.1 f-i 0 XZ14074 7.7 7.3 abc 3.3 g 6.3 bc 5.0 6.7 a-d 5.0 6.3 ab 3 XZ14092 5.3 6.3 bcd 7.0 ab 4.7 efg 6.5 6.0 c-f 5.7 5.6 c-h 1 ZG09004 6.3 5.7 cde 5.3 b-f 3.3 hij 5.0 5.0 f-i 6.3 4.4 ij 0 ZG09055 −h − − − − − − − − ZG09062 8.0 7.0 abc 6.7 abc 5.3 c-e 6.0 6.0 c-f 5.3 6.0 bcd 2 09-TZ-54-9 8.7 7.0 abc 6.3 a-d 7.0 ab 7.5 7.0 abc 6.3 6.9 a 5 09-TZ-89-73 8.0 5.3 def 5.7 b-f 6.0 bcd 5.5 6.0 c-f 6.3 5.9 b-e 0 10-TZ-994 5.0 5.0 def 4.3 efg 3.7 ghi 5.0 4.3 hi 5.0 3.8 jk 0 10-TZ-1254 9.0 7.7 ab 5.7 b-f 5.0 def 6.5 6.0 c-f 6.0 6.0 bcd 1 15-TZ-11766 7.7 6.3 bcd 6.0 b-e 4.7 efg 6.0 6.3 b-e 7.0 5.6 c-h 0 16-TZ-12036 7.7 5.7 cde 5.3 b-f 5.3 c-e 5.5 5.3 e-h 6.0 5.4 d-h 0 16-TZ-12783 8.0 7.3 abc 5.3 b-f 6.3 bc 7.0 7.0 abc 7.0 6.2 abc 3 16-TZ-13463 7.0 8.0 a 6.7 abc 7.0 ab 6.0 7.7 a 6.3 6.3 ab 5 16-TZ-14114 7.7 6.3 bcd 6.0 b-e 6.0 bcd 7.0 5.7 d-g 5.7 5.7 b-g 0 Chisholm 8.3 5.3 def 6.7 abc 5.3 c-e 5.5 5.3 e-h 6.3 5.9 b-e 1 Meyer 5.3 5.0 def 5.0 c-g 4.7 efg 4.0 4.7 ghi 5.7 4.9 hi 0 Empire 7.7 7.0 abc 6.0 b-e 5.3 c-e 7.0 6.0 c-f 6.0 5.4 d-h 1 Jamur 7.7 6.0 cde 6.0 b-e 5.7 cde 6.5 5.7 d-g 5.7 5.7 b-g 0 Zenith 7.5 6.3 bcd 4.8 d-g 4.3 fgh − 5.0 f-i 4.8 5.1 ghi 0 'Riviera' bermudagrass −h − − − − − − − − P-value 0.0524 0.0002 0.0013 < 0.0001 1.000 < 0.0001 0.0746 < 0.0001 a Winterkill ratings: 9 = fully green; 1 = no green tissue.
b Spring green-up/seasonal color/color retention ratings: 9 = darkest green; 6 = minimally acceptable color; 1 = straw brown turf.
c Density: 9 = maximum density; 6 = minimally acceptable density; 1 = lowest density.
d Uniformity: 9 = maximum uniform turf; 1 = lowest uniformity.
e Quality: 9 = maximum quality; 6 = minimum acceptable quality; 1 = lowest quality. Turf quality means (n = 9) calculated from three collection dates during 2018−2020.
f TPI is the turf performance index representing the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group (max 5).
g Means within each column (except TPI) with a common letter or no letters are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).
h Entry or check not planted at site.
i Entry did not survive or not enough replications remaining to analyze.Table 5. Year 2018 to 2020 data and cumulative turf performance index for treatments in Stanfield, Arizona, treatments that ranked in the top statistical group in ≥ 50% of the parameters are highlighted in bold.
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Entry 2019 Winterkilla Turf colorb 2019 Densityc 2019 Uniformityd Avg turf qualitye TPIf Autumn 2018 Spring 2019 PURZ 1602 7.0 bcdg 3.0 f 6.7 5.3 d-g 4.7 5.3 f-i 0 PURZ 1603 6.3 cde 4.0 ef 6.0 4.0 gh 6.0 4.5 ij 0 PURZ 1606 6.0 cde 2.5 f 5.4 3.0 h 5.9 3.0 k 0 PURZ 1701 8.0 abc 2.7 f 6.0 4.0 gh 5.0 4.2 j 1 PURZ 1702 −h − − − − − 0 XZ14055 −i − − − − − − XZ14069 8.7 ab 6.0 a-d 7.3 8.0 a 6.0 7.7 a 4 XZ14070 4.7 e 3.3 f 6.3 5.7 c-f 6.3 5.0 g-j 0 XZ14071 6.3 cde 6.3 abc 6.7 6.7 a-d 6.0 6.5 bcd 2 XZ14072 8.0 abc 4.0 ef 7.0 5.7 c-f 5.7 6.3 cde 1 XZ14074 9.0 a 6.7 ab 8.0 8.0 a 6.0 7.7 a 4 XZ14092 5.3 cd 3.0 f 6.7 4.7 efg 5.7 5.3 f-i 0 ZG09004 6.0 cde 4.7 c-f 7.0 4.0 gh 6.7 4.7 hij 0 ZG09055 5.0 e 5.3 b-e 6.7 4.8 efg 5.5 4.2 j 0 ZG09062 8.3 ab 6.3 abc 8.0 5.7 c-f 5.7 6.5 bcd 2 09-TZ-54-9 8.0 abc 6.0 a-d 6.7 7.7 a 6.3 7.3 ab 4 09-TZ-89-73 8.3 ab 7.0 ab 6.7 6.0 b-e 7.0 6.2 def 2 10-TZ-994 5.0 e 3.3 f 7.7 4.3 fgh 5.3 4.7 hij 0 10-TZ-1254 8.0 abc 7.0 ab 7.3 6.7 a-d 6.7 6.0 def 3 15-TZ-11766 7.3 abc 5.7 b-e 7.0 7.3 ab 7.3 7.2 abc 3 16-TZ-12036 8.3 ab 5.3 b-e 6.7 6.0 b-e 6.0 6.0 def 1 16-TZ-12783 7.0 bcd 7.7 a 6.0 7.7 a 6.7 6.5 bcd 2 16-TZ-13463 8.0 abc 4.3 def 8.0 7.0 abc 6.7 6.7 bcd 2 16-TZ-14114 7.0 bcd 4.7 c-f 7.7 5.7 c-f 5.7 5.5 e-h 0 Chisholm 7.7 abc 6.3 abc 8.0 6.0 b-e 5.3 5.8 d-g 2 Meyer 5.0 e 3.3 f 7.0 5.0 efg 5.0 5.5 e-h 0 Empire 8.0 abc 6.0 a-d 7.7 5.7 c-f 5.7 6.0 def 2 Jamur 7.7 abc 6.0 a-d 8.3 6.0 b-e 6.0 6.0 def 2 Zenith 7.2 abc 4.5 def 7.7 5.2 efg 5.2 4.9 hij 1 'Riviera' bermudagrass −i − − − − − − P-value < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.1874 < 0.0001 0.1741 < 0.0001 a Winterkill ratings: 9 = fully green; 1 = no green tissue.
b Spring green-up/seasonal color/color retention ratings: 9 = darkest green; 6 = minimally acceptable color; 1 = straw brown turf.
c Density: 9 = maximum density; 6 = minimally acceptable density; 1 = lowest density.
d Uniformity: 9 = maximum uniform turf; 1 = lowest uniformity.
e Quality: 9 = maximum quality; 6 = minimum acceptable quality; 1 = lowest quality. Turf quality means (n = 6) calculated from two collection dates during 2018−2019.
f TPI is the turf performance index representing the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group (max 4).
g Means within each column (except TPI) with a common letter or no letters are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).
h Entry did not survive establishment in 2018 and not enough remaining replications to analyze.
i Entry or check not planted at site.Table 6. Year 2018 to 2019 data and cumulative turf performance index for treatments in Escondido, California, treatments that ranked in the top statistical group in ≥ 50% of the parameters are highlighted in bold.
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Entry Indiana 5 MAP North Carolina 4 MAP Georgia 3 MAP Arizona 6 MAP California 6 MAP PURZ 1602 52 f-ja 52 c-g 48 e-i 51 fgh 32 gh PURZ 1603 55 e-i 62 b-e 16 kl 29 i 35 gh PURZ 1606 60 d-h 50 d-g 41 hij 28 i 29 gh PURZ 1701 53 f-j 43 d-g 32 ijk 40 ghi 18 h PURZ 1702 48 g-j 33 fg 26 jkl 28 i −b XZ14055 52 f-j 48 d-g 39 hij 50 fgh −c XZ14069 58 d-i 77 abc 80 abc 90 ab 82 a-d XZ14070 52 f-j 57 c-f 61 c-g 76 a-d 80 a-e XZ14071 48 g-j 62 b-e 84 a 62 def 57 ef XZ14072 58 d-i 62 b-e 51 e-i 73 b-e 72 b-e XZ14074 45 hij 45 d-g 46 f-i 82 abc 45 fg XZ14092 38 j 27 g 49 e-i 55 fg 28 gh ZG09004 65 c-f 33 fg 80 abc 80 abc 90 abc ZG09055 60 d-h 52 c-g 79 abc −c 72 b-e ZG09062 67 b-f 40 d-g 62 c-f 83 abc 78 a-e 09-TZ-54-9 45 ij 40 d-g 56 d-h 91 a 92 abc 09-TZ-89-73 55 e-i 48 d-g 64 b-f 86 abc 93 ab 10-TZ-994 52 f-j 32 fg 8 l 44 ghi 32 gh 10-TZ-1254 70 a-e 37 efg 42 g-j 84 abc 92 abc 15-TZ-11766 52 f-j 40 d-g 70 a-d 92 a 93 ab 16-TZ-12036 55 e-i 37 efg 40 hij 86 abc 85 abc 16-TZ-12783 52 f-j 63 a-d 42 g-j 91 a 97 a 16-TZ-13463 43 ij 50 d-g 19 kl 84 abc 88 abc 16-TZ-14114 82 ab 87 ab 80 abc 87 abc 88 abc Chisholm 48 g-j 43 d-g 56 d-h 72 cde 58 def Meyer 63 c-g 47 d-g 66 a-e 57 efg 32 gh Empire 72 a-d 50 d-g 80 abc 83 abc 87 abc Jamur 83 a 88 a 84 a 86 abc 88 abc Zenith 38 j 30 g 18 kl 37 hi 47 fg 'Riviera' bermudagrass 78 abc 83 ab 66 a-f −c −c P-value < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 a Means within each column with a common letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).
b Entry did not survive establishment in 2018 and not enough remaining replications to analyze.
c Entry or check not planted at site.Table 7. Establishment differences among treatments based on visual turf cover (0−100%) at three to six months after planting (MAP) in 2018 for each site.
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Entry Species Source PURZ 1602 Z. japonica Purdue University PURZ 1603 Z. japonica Purdue University PURZ 1606 Z. japonica Purdue University PURZ 1701 Z. japonica Purdue University PURZ 1702 Z. japonica Purdue University XZ14055 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14069 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14070 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14071 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14072 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14074 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University XZ14092 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University ZG09004 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University ZG09055 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University ZG09062 Z. japonica × Z. matrella North Carolina State University 09-TZ-54-9 Z. japonica × Z. matrella University of Georgia 09-TZ-89-73 Z. matrella × Z. japonica University of Georgia 10-TZ-994 Z. japonica University of Georgia 10-TZ-1254 Z. macrantha Desvaux University of Georgia 15-TZ-11766 Z. matrella University of Georgia 16-TZ-12036 Z. japonica × Z. matrella University of Georgia 16-TZ-12783 Z. japonica × Z. matrella University of Georgia 16-TZ-13463 Z. matrella × Z. japonica University of Georgia 16-TZ-14114 Z. japonica University of Georgia Commercially available cultivars Species Source 'Chisholm' zoysiagrass Z. japonica Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Kansas State University 'Meyer' Z. japonica United States Department of Agricultre 'Empire' zoysiagrass Z. japonica Sod Solutions, Inc. 'Jamur' zoysiagrass Z. japonica Bladerunner Farms, Inc. 'Zenith' zoysiagrass Z. japonica Patten Seed Co. 'Riviera' bermudagrass C. dactylon var. dactylon Oklahoma State University Table 8. Experimental zoysiagrass entries and commercially available cultivars evaluated at five locations for overall performance under minimal inputs.
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