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Metals (mg/kg) Ziway Kentola Ziway Ethioflora Burayu Kuskuam Upper Kuskuam Lower Recommended maximum
level in soil (mg/kg)Cd 0.180 ± 0.070 0.220 ± 0.040 0.140 ± 0.080 0.250 ± 0.080 0.190 ± 0.050 3 Cr 3.0 ± 0.06 8.44 ± 1.29 47.78 ± 8.91 31.24 ± 1.49 32.6 ± 5.09 100 Pb 6.02 ± 0.34 7.12 ± 2.75 17.66 ± 1.66 16.38 ± 3.01 11.17 ± 1.46 100 Zn 49.98 ± 0.27 68.42 ± 4.78 88.47 ± 13.04 112.7 ± 8.34 78.02 ± 8.27 300 Source: reference [87] Table 1.
Mean metal content in vegetable field soils.
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Component Bulbula Kera Recommended maximum contents River (μg/Liter) Soil (total) River (μg/Liter) Soil (total) Irrigation water Soil (total) Vegetables (mg/kg) As 1.7 5.19 < 1.00 6.8 100 20 0.2 Cd 0.07 0.71 < 1.00 0.44 10 3 0.2 Co 2.69 27.95 < 5.00 43 50 50 0.3 Cr − 81 7.4 115 550 100 2.3 Cu 12.4 38.96 39 55 17 100 73.3 Fe − 163.86 4,290 79.7 500 50,000 425.5 Ni 2.26 74.13 8.9 115 1400 50 67.9 Pb 14.1 46.74 33 110 65 100 2.65 Se − 0.09 0.08 0.02 20 10 − Zn 50.37 2,985.5 193 263 2,000 300 99.4 Source: reference [40] Table 2.
Concentrations of certain trace elements reported in the Bulbula and Kera streams and other surrounding agricultural soils in Ethiopia.
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Vegetables Nigeria Egypt Pakistan India Tanzania Greece Vegetables Addis Ababa Gondar Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Cd Spinach 0.56 0.03 0.34 0.11 − − 1.44 1.96 0.30 0.05 0.05 Lettuce 0.25 4.99 1.78 0.17 Lettuce 0.07 0.01 0.58 0.07 − − − − 0.37 0.04 0.05 Cabbage 0.82 0.03 0.38 0.03 Tomato − − 0.26 0.01 1.56 0.33 − − − − 0.01 Kale 0.7 0.66 0.77 0.11 Onion − − 0.14 0.02 0.06 0.07 − − − − 0.03 Carrot 0.64 0.04 0.09 0.11 Cauliflower − − − − − − 1.56 2.57 − − − Lady's finger − − − − − − 1.03 1.41 − − − Source: references [92, 95, 96] Table 3.
Estimated Pb and Cd contents in vegetables worldwide.
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Crop Farm Metal/metalloid concentration As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn (µg/kg) (mg/kg) Cabbage Kera < 1000 < 50 62 0.89 3.03 73 29 0.8 0.21 31.8 Peacock < 1,000 < 50 133 1.71 3.3 173 25 0.91 0.29 31.81 Akaki < 1,000 < 50 131 0.68 2.5 219 30 1.37 0.37 32.49 Swiss C. Kera 1,210 78 681 2.05 8.06 527 37.5 2.10 1.79 56.19 Peacock < 1,000 < 50 317 1.04 7.88 4.61 67 0.89 0.61 48.91 Akaki 1,020 193 532 0.9 14.95 555 218 1.81 1.63 81 Carrot Mekanisa < 1,000 59 130 0.82 7.68 403 53 2.44 0.91 44.87 Peacock < 1,000 < 50 84 0.28 7.79 205 29 0.98 0.54 29.9 Akaki < 1,000 84 256 0.82 8.99 469 57 1.66 2.15 59.03 Kale Kera < 1,000 130 308 0.99 9.92 331 126 4.64 0.53 63.71 Akaki < 1,000 < 50 187 1.1 3.05 173 30.5 1.31 0.37 35.08 Potato Kera < 1,000 78 256 0.7 9.66 364.5 66 1.4 1.8 28.25 Akaki 1,205 159 882 1.35 13.15 816 69.5 2 2.02 64.7 Lettuce Kera 1,040 126 757 9.47 6.62 1345 106 1.86 1.59 48.63 Bulbula < 1,000 75 165 1.21 6.24 351 54 0.71 0.39 47.8 Recommendation Levels (mg/kg) 0.43 0.2 − 2.3 − 425.5 − 67.9 0.3 99.4 Source: reference [98] Table 4.
Trace element content in the leaves of crop varieties planted using urban industrial effluent (Addis Ababa).
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Vegetables Total metal load (µg g−1) Cd Cr Cu Zn Mn Fe Ni Beet 0.254 ± 0.08 10.28 ± 1.94 32.25 ± 3.0 90.3 ± 5.8 161.0 ± 6.02 566.20 ± 8.4 7.57 ± 1.06 Potato 0.281 ± 0.14 7.18 ± 1.06 35.13 ± 3.1 105.00 ± 6.2 148.05 ± 5.8 634.04 ± 9.4 5.99 ± 1.68 Carrot 0.198 ± 0.06 8.05 ± 1.08 22.18 ± 2.6 80.12 ± 5.2 95.10 ± 6.2 426.01 ± 8.8 4.51 ± 1.08 Onion 0.271 ± 0.12 8.58 ± 1.6 25.13 ± 2.4 65.9 ± 4.2 107.9 ± 8.06 578.0 ± 9.4 3.67 ± 1.02 Tomato 0.115 ± 0.06 4.91 ± 1.4 13.21 ± 1.8 45.11 ± 3.8 69.17 ± 4.08 322.3 ± 8.4 2.21 ± 0.08 Pepper 0.180 ± 0.08 5.55 ± 1.6 17.21 ± 2.6 49.15 ± 3.8 56.29 ± 2.6 429.26 ± 8.8 5.38 ± 1.02 Head cabbage 0.101 ± 0.04 4.11 ± 108 14.20 ± 1.8 48.47 ± 3.6 45.4 ± 3.8 245.2 ± 6.4 1.95 ± 0.06 Green-bean 0.199 ± 0.04 6.12 ± 1.2 12.52 ± 1.6 62.54 ± 6.6 86.25 ± 6.04 251.54 ± 6.2 2.1 ± 0.08 Lettuce 0.345 ± 0.18 24.11 ± 2.4 24.25 ± 2.4 108.94 ± 8.8 145.6 ± 6.02 511.27 ± 8.2 2.95 ± 0.08 Maximum limits for vegetables 0.2 2.3 − 99.4 − 425.5 67.9 Source: reference [101] Table 5.
Total load of heavy metals in vegetables treated using Akaki river water.
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Vegetables Metals Vegetable farms Kuskuam Burayu Ziway Ethioflora Lettuce Cd 28% 36% 14% Cr 3% 2% 9% Pb 7% 7% 7% Zn 41% 42% 30% Ethiopian kale Cd 47% 42% 11% Cr 2% 2% 19% Pb 3% 4% 9% Zn 44% 37% 35% Swiss chard Cd 26% 2% − Cr 1% 39% − Pb 36% 1% − Zn 2% 36% − Source: reference [108] Table 6.
The percentage of metal influxes in vegetable tissue sourced from soil.
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Elements
(mg/kg)Cabbage Lettuce Swiss chard Recommended maximum
level for vegetablesKera Peacock Kera Peacock Kera Peacock As 0.13 0.11 1.04 0.31 1.21 0.34 0.43 Cd 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.2b Co 0.06 0.13 0.76 0.17 0.68 0.32 50c Cr 0.89 1.61 9.47 1.21 2.05 1.04 2.3 Cu 3.03 3.3 6.62 6.24 0.06 7.88 − Fe 73 173 1345 351 527 461 425.5 Mn 29 25 106 54 37.5 67 500c Ni 0.8 0.91 1.86 0.71 2.1 0.89 67.9 Pb 0.21 0.29 1.59 0.39 1.79 0.61 0.3b Zn 31.8 31.81 48.63 47.8 56.19 48.91 99.4 Source: references [109, 110] Table 7.
Metal content in leafy vegetables in Addis Ababa's (Ethiopia) Kera and Peacock farms.
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