Figures (6)  Tables (1)
    • Figure 1.  Properties of transcriptome data of 'Tangwei' (TW) and 'Tonghua-3' (TH) berry at green hard (G), véraison (V), and ripe (R) stages. (a) Total numbers of expressed genes with fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM) values; (b) Heatmap of the sample correlation analysis; (c) Principal component analysis (PCA) showing clustering pattern among TW and TH at G, V and R samples based on global gene expression profiles.

    • Figure 2.  Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the green hard (G), véraison (V), and ripe (R) stages in 'Tangwei' (TW) and 'Tonghua-3' (TH). (a) Number of DEGs and (b) numbers of overlapping DEGs between 'Tangwei' and 'Tonghua-3' at G, V and R; (c) Overlap among DEGs between G and V, and V and R, for 'Tangwei' and 'Tonghua-3'; (d) Gene ontology (GO) functional categorization of DEGs.

    • Figure 3.  Expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with phenylalanine metabolism. TW, 'Tangwei'; TH, 'Tonghua-3'. PAL, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE; C4H, CINNAMATE 4-HYDROXYLASE; 4CL, 4-COUMARATE-COA LIGASE; STS, STILBENE SYNTHASE; RSGT, RESVERATROL GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; OMT, O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; LAC, LACCASE; CHS, CHALCONE SYNTHASE; CHI, CHALCONE ISOMERASE; F3H, FLAVANONE 3-HYDROXYLASE; FLS, FLAVONOL SYNTHASE; F3'H, FLAVONOID 3′-HYDROXYLASE; DFR, DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE; LAR, LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE; ANR, ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE; LDOX, LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN DIOXYGENASE; UFGT, UDP-GLUCOSE: FLAVONOID 3-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE.

    • Figure 4.  Differentially expressed transcription factor (TF) genes. (a) The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in different TF families; (b) Number of differentially expressed TF genes, numbers of overlapping differentially expressed TF genes, and (c) categorization of expression fold change (FC) for members of eight TF families between 'Tangwei' and 'Tonghua-3' at green hard (G), véraison (V), and ripe (R) stages; (d) Heatmap expression profiles of the three most strongly differentially expressed TF genes from each of eight TF families.

    • Figure 5.  Results of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). (a) Hierarchical clustering tree indicating co-expression modules; (b) Module-trait relationship. Each row represents a module eigengene, and each column represents a trait. The corresponding correlation and p-value are indicated within each module. Res, resveratrol; TW, 'Tangwei'; TH, 'Tonghua-3'; (c) Transcription factors and stilbene synthase gene co-expression networks in the orange, blue and ivory modules.

    • Figure 6.  Comparison of the expression patterns of 12 randomly selected differentially expressed genes by RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative PCR) and RNA-seq. R-values are correlation coefficients between RT-qPCR and RNA-seq. FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped; TW, 'Tangwei'; TH, 'Tonghua-3'; G, green hard; V, véraison; R, ripe.

    • StructuresSpeciesAccessions or cultivarsContent of trans-resveratrol (μg g−1 FW)
      Green hardVéraisonRipe
      SkinV. davidiiTangweindnd2.415 ± 0.220
      V. amurensisTonghua-30.216 ± 0.0410.656 ± 0.0432.988 ± 0.221
      Shuangyou0.233 ± 0.0620.313 ± 0.0172.882 ± 0.052
      V. amurensis × V. ViniferaBeibinghong0.336 ± 0.0761.486 ± 0.1771.665 ± 0.100
      V. viniferaRed Global0.252 ± 0.0510.458 ± 0.0571.050 ± 0.129
      Thompson seedless0.120 ± 0.0251.770 ± 0.0320.431 ± 0.006
      V. vinifera × V. labruscaJumeigui0.122 ± 0.0160.170 ± 0.0210.708 ± 0.135
      PulpV. davidiiTangwei0.062 ± 0.0060.088 ± 0.009nd
      V. amurensisTonghua-30.151 ± 0.0660.324 ±0.1040.032 ± 0.004
      Shuangyou0.053 ± 0.0080.126 ± 0.0440.041 ± 0.017
      V. amurensis × V. ViniferaBeibinghong0.057 ± 0.0140.495 ± 0.0680.087 ± 0.021
      V. viniferaRed Global0.059 ± 0.0180.159 ± 0.0130.027 ± 0.004
      Thompson seedless0.112 ± 0.0160.059 ± 0.020nd
      V. vinifera × V. labruscaJumeigui0.072 ± 0.0100.063 ± 0.0170.359 ± 0.023
      SeedV. davidiiTangwei0.096 ± 0.0140.169 ± 0.0280.049 ± 0.006
      V. amurensisTonghua-30.044 ± 0.0040.221 ± 0.0240.113 ± 0.027
      Shuangyound0.063 ± 0.0210.116 ± 0.017
      V. amurensis × V. ViniferaBeibinghongnd0.077 ± 0.0030.400 ± 0.098
      V. viniferaRed Global0.035 ± 0.0230.142 ± 0.0360.199 ± 0.009
      Thompson seedless
      V. vinifera × V. labruscaJumeigui0.077 ± 0.0250.017 ± 0.0040.284 ± 0.021
      'nd' indicates not detected in samples, and '−' shows no samples are collected due to abortion.

      Table 1.  Resveratrol concentrations in the skin, pulp and seed of berries from different grapevine genotypes at green hard, véraison and ripe stages.