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Figure 1.
Chromatographic profiles of two tree peony cultivars at three flowering stages. (a) P. suffruticosa 'Chunguihuawu', (b) P. ostii 'Fengdan'. From top to bottom are initial flowering stage, half-opening stage, and full blooming stage. Bar = 5 cm.
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Figure 2.
Classification and content of volatile compounds of parents of the F1 population in different flowering stages. (a) P. suffruticosa 'Chunguihuawu', (b) P. ostii 'Fengdan'. IF: initial flowering stage. HO: half-opening stage. FB: full blooming stage.
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Figure 3.
Histograms (frequency distribution) for traits of the F1 population from the cross of P. ostii 'Fengdan' and P. suffruticosa 'Chunguihuawu'. (a) Histogram for cetene, (b) histogram for hexadecane, (c) histogram for octadecane, (d) histogram for eicosane.
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Number RT (min) Compound P. suffruticosa 'Chunguihuawu'
(male parent, ♂)P. ostii 'Fengdan' (female parent, ♀) Initial flowering Half-opening Full blooming Initial flowering Half-opening Full blooming 1 5.23 2-hexen-1-ol,acetate,(E)- 0.0513 − − − 0.1823 − 2 6.04 α-ocimene − 0.0648 − 0.1076 0.2547 1.0646 3 6.21 Trans-α-ocimene − 0.0305 − 0.0355 − − 4 7.06 Undecane 0.0308 0.0877 0.0163 − 0.0112 − 5 7.17 Nonanal 0.1436 0.0734 0.0232 0.0738 0.1248 − 6 7.44 Phenylethyl alcohol 0.1607 0.1351 0.1192 − − − 7 7.97 Myroxide − − − − 0.0615 0.0477 8 8.50 Benzene, 1,4-dimethoxy− 0.4856 0.9253 0.1587 − − − 9 9.02 2-dodecene, (E)- 0.0308 0.0218 0.0094 − − − 10 9.19 Dodecane 0.1265 0.0955 0.0403 0.0538 0.0731 0.0561 11 9.34 Decanal 0.0171 − − 0.0392 0.1116 0.0505 12 9.89 Nerol − 0.0280 − − − − 13 9.99 3-phenylpropanol − − − − 0.0236 − 14 10.44 Geraniol 0.0992 0.3784 0.0798 − 0.0133 0.1290 15 10.65 2-propen-1-ol, 3-phenyl − − − − 0.0213 − 16 11.21 6-tridecene − − − − 0.0113 − 17 11.37 Tridecane 0.0923 0.0889 0.0292 0.1148 0.1072 0.1936 18 11.65 2-propen-1-ol, 3-phenyl-, (E)- − − − − 0.0194 − 19 12.56 Benzeneacetic acid, à-hydroxy-,
ethyl ester, (R)0.0684 0.0185 0.0395 − − − 20 12.79 2-undecenal − − − − 0.0173 − 21 13.00 3-phenyl-1-propanol, acetate − − − − 0.0164 0.0295 22 13.20 Geranyl acetate 0.0239 0.0243 0.0120 − − 0.0673 23 13.35 5-tetradecene, (E)- 0.2325 0.1871 0.0635 0.0574 0.0709 0.1080 13.44 Decanoic acid, ethyl ester 0.5232 0.5232 0.5232 0.5232 0.5232 0.5232 24 13.52 Tetradecane 0.6018 0.6233 0.1621 0.2415 0.2714 0.3815 25 13.87 Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethoxy- − − − 0.2479 0.8071 0.4741 26 16.08 Pentadecane 1.1558 2.8816 0.2350 0.8495 1.5199 1.7575 27 16.45 (Z,E)-α-farnesene 0.0308 − − − − − 28 16.61 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2.9236 2.6407 0.9589 0.3992 0.3514 0.4516 29 17.53 Farnesal − 0.0128 − − − − 30 17.76 1-decanol, 2-hexyl- 0.0479 0.0326 0.0146 0.0465 0.0096 0.0491 31 19.19 Cetene 0.7386 0.5136 0.2007 0.0993 0.1049 0.1262 32 19.47 Hexadecane 0.9916 0.6651 0.2427 0.3937 0.3089 0.6494 33 20.02 Hexadecanal − − − − 0.0091 − 34 21.28 Hexadecane, 7-methyl- 0.0342 0.0210 0.0086 − 0.0057 − 35 21.41 Pentadecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- 0.0923 0.0539 0.0240 0.0574 0.0108 0.0757 36 21.98 Hexadecane, 2-methyl- 0.1026 0.0905 0.0180 0.0866 0.2203 0.1557 37 22.57 8-heptadecene 0.4240 0.3443 0.0377 0.1440 0.6727 0.3815 38 23.52 Heptadecane 0.4958 0.2969 0.0806 0.5870 2.8875 1.3086 39 26.59 Heptadecane, 3-methyl- 0.0684 0.0330 0.0172 − 0.0753 0.0814 40 27.61 5-octadecene, (E)- 1.0463 0.7361 0.2805 0.1723 0.1007 0.2314 41 27.92 Octadecane 0.5163 0.3099 0.1132 0.2689 0.1351 0.3997 42 29.14 Isopropyl myristate 0.0342 0.0149 0.0069 − − − 43 31.22 9-nonadecene 0.0376 0.0051 − 0.0602 1.0123 0.5021 44 32.38 Nonadecane 0.2394 0.0912 0.0480 0.0747 0.9132 0.3296 45 33.61 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 0.1846 0.1466 0.0583 − − − 46 35.57 Nonadecane, 3-methyl- − 0.0200 0.0086 − 0.0161 − 47 36.36 5-eicosene, (E)- 0.8719 0.6104 0.2178 0.1568 0.0461 0.2272 48 36.41 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 0.1436 0.1202 0.0437 − − − 49 36.55 Eicosane 0.2291 0.1309 0.0472 0.1167 0.0405 0.1767 50 37.26 Isopropyl palmitate 0.0855 0.0502 0.0214 0.0264 − − 51 38.53 10-heneicosene 0.0547 0.0185 0.0060 − 0.0089 − 52 38.75 Methyl linoleate 0.3351 0.2929 0.1046 − − − 53 38.82 Heneicosane − − − − 0.0273 − 54 38.87 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid,
methyl ester0.9848 0.8387 0.3019 − − − 55 39.88 Ethyl linoleate 0.2906 0.2341 0.0849 − − − 56 39.96 2-Propenoic acid,
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-,
2-ethylhexyl ester− − − 0.0474 0.0158 0.0435 57 39.98 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,
2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-1.3199 0.7741 0.2796 − − − 58 40.41 Docosane 0.4548 0.3641 0.0978 0.0948 0.0222 0.1262 59 41.66 Tricosane 0.0752 0.0417 0.1535 0.0693 0.0220 0.0701 60 42.80 Tetracosane 0.2257 0.0968 0.0583 0.1094 0.0461 0.1725 61 44.06 Pentacosane 0.2052 0.0810 0.0652 0.1139 0.0647 0.1865 62 45.56 Hexacosane 0.3009 0.1577 0.1338 0.2242 0.0819 0.3044 63 47.40 Heptacosane 0.3009 0.0846 0.0832 0.2005 0.0609 0.2244 64 49.71 Octacosane 0.3351 0.1001 0.1278 0.1622 0.0659 0.2230 65 52.64 Nonacosane 0.2325 0.0681 0.0669 0.1130 0.0511 0.1459 66 56.41 Triacontane 0.2052 0.0641 0.0549 0.0875 0.0391 0.1164 67 61.26 Hentriacontane 0.2359 0.1227 0.0986 0.1805 0.0484 − Table 1.
Volatile components and content (μg g−1) of two tree peony cultivars at different flowering stages.
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Compound (μg g−1) Minimum Maximum Range Fm SD CV (%) Skewness Kurtosis Tridecane 0.007 19.459 19.452 0.625 2.003 3.207 8.171 74.442 5-tetradecene, (E)- 0.020 2.360 2.340 0.268 0.318 1.187 4.180 22.175 Tetradecane 0.057 19.184 19.127 1.225 2.049 1.673 6.828 56.189 Pentadecane 0.003 68.622 68.619 8.336 11.083 1.330 2.652 9.002 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 0.057 9.050 8.992 0.870 1.342 1.543 4.072 19.137 Cetene 0.021 2.097 2.076 0.483 0.343 0.709 1.915 5.375 Hexadecane 0.096 4.448 4.352 1.162 0.758 0.652 1.701 3.914 8-heptadecene 0.014 22.622 22.608 2.318 2.996 1.292 3.777 20.159 Heptadecane 0.057 20.504 20.447 3.336 3.646 1.093 2.598 7.966 5-octadecene, (E)- 0.027 2.862 2.834 0.663 0.465 0.702 1.823 5.009 Octadecane 0.034 1.610 1.576 0.505 0.312 0.618 1.006 0.866 5-eicosene, (E)- 0.017 2.822 2.805 0.454 0.372 0.820 3.117 15.673 Eicosane 0.011 0.747 0.736 0.207 0.136 0.660 1.033 1.342 Docosane 0.017 0.925 0.907 0.164 0.138 0.838 3.066 12.963 Tricosane 0.010 0.979 0.969 0.118 0.145 1.238 3.844 17.306 Tetracosane 0.012 1.934 1.921 0.268 0.287 1.072 3.455 15.065 Pentacosane 0.004 2.521 2.517 0.309 0.380 1.229 3.765 17.557 Hexacosane 0.016 3.440 3.425 0.557 0.541 0.972 3.102 12.482 Heptacosane 0.008 3.166 3.157 0.373 0.472 1.264 3.730 17.515 Octacosane 0.014 3.009 2.995 0.380 0.445 1.170 3.565 16.462 Nonacosane 0.007 2.215 2.209 0.257 0.320 1.246 3.685 17.671 Triacontane 0.006 1.615 1.608 0.187 0.227 1.214 3.550 17.157 Hentriacontane 0.003 0.996 0.993 0.184 0.166 0.901 2.109 6.168 Fm: The mean value of a component in progeny. SD: standard deviation. CV: coefficient of variation. Table 2.
Statistics of traits in the F1 population from the cross of P. ostii ‘Fengdan’ and P. suffruticosa ‘Chunguihuawu’.
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Compound Male parent Female parent Mid-parent value Separate Separation ratio Progeny average value Progeny
distributionP value X2 value Yes No α-ocimene 0.0648 0.2547 0.1597 104 5 15:1 1.8694 0.0074~37.3901 0.473 0.514 Nonanal 0.0734 0.1248 0.0991 54 55 1:1 0.0939 0.0089~0.3674 0.924 0.009 Geraniol 0.3784 0.0133 0.1959 100 9 1:7 0.3875 0.0053~3.9761 0.180 1.794 Table 3.
Inheritance of the aromatic components shared by parents and separated in progeny.
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Compound Male parent Female parent Mid-parent
valueProgeny average
valueCoefficient of
variationProgeny distribution 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2.6407 0.3514 1.4960 0.8696 1.5291 0.0575~9.0498 Table 4.
Inheritance of aromatic components shared by parents but not separated in progeny.
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Compound Male
parentFemale parent Mid-parent value Separated Separation ratio Progeny
average valueProgeny distribution P value X2
valueYes No Trans-α-ocimene 0.0305 − 0.0153 44 65 1:1 0.0400 0.0119~0.1216 0.044 4.046 Phenylethyl alcohol 0.1351 − 0.0675 79 30 3:1 0.1433 0.0039~1.5277 0.543 0.370 Myroxide − 0.0615 0.0307 57 52 1:1 0.2028 0.0083~1.8797 0.632 0.229 Benzene, 1,4-dimethoxy− 0.9253 − 0.4626 44 65 1:1 0.5051 0.0266~1.8513 0.044 4.046 Decanal − 0.1116 0.0558 79 30 3:1 0.0462 0.0036~0.2198 0.543 0.370 Nerol 0.0280 − 0.0140 104 5 15:1 0.4760 0.0060~5.9410 0.473 0.514 2-propen-1-ol, 3-phenyl − 0.0213 0.0106 13 96 1:7 0.0426 0.0045~0.1141 0.856 0.033 2-propen-1-ol, 3-phenyl-, (E)− − 0.0194 0.0097 18 91 1:7 0.0446 0.0050~0.1175 0.205 1.606 2-undecenal − 0.0173 0.0087 21 88 1:3 0.0206 0.0031~0.0601 0.167 1.911 Geranyl acetate 0.0243 − 0.0122 80 29 3:1 0.1534 0.0023~1.2838 0.699 0.150 Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethoxy− − 0.8071 0.4035 69 40 1:1 0.5456 0.0037~10.8091 0.005 7.716 Farnesal 0.0128 − 0.0064 14 95 1:7 0.0213 0.0096~0.0952 0.914 0.012 Hexadecanal − 0.0091 0.0045 18 91 1:7 0.0297 0.0102~0.0636 0.205 1.606 Isopropyl myristate 0.0149 − 0.0075 55 54 1:1 0.0202 0.0041~0.0887 0.924 0.009 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 0.1466 − 0.0733 40 69 1:1 0.0559 0.0035~0.4906 0.005 7.716 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 0.1202 − 0.0601 9 100 1:7 0.1089 0.0163~0.3005 0.180 1.794 Methyl linoleate 0.2929 − 0.1464 14 95 1:7 0.2208 0.0121~0.9635 0.914 0.012 Ethyl linoleate 0.2341 − 0.1170 15 94 1:7 0.1836 0.0099~0.8226 0.690 0.159 Table 5.
Inheritance of aromatic components in one of the parents.
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Compound Male parent Female parent Mid-parent value Separate Separation ratio Progeny average value Progeny distribution P value X2 value Yes No α-pinene − − − 34 75 1:3 0.1279 0.0061~0.4870 0.135 2.290 Alloocimene − − − 19 90 1:3 0.1271 0.0162~0.5828 0.068 3.330 Phenylethyl acetate − − − 24 85 1:3 0.1544 0.0181~0.5714 0.472 0.517 Citronellyl acetate − − − 4 105 1:15 0.0202 0.0077~0.0395 0.266 1.239 Neryl acetate − − − 66 43 1:1 0.0693 0.0044~0.4162 0.028 4.853 (Z,E)-α-farnesene − − − 66 43 1:1 0.0680 0.0013~0.4992 0.028 4.853 Tetradecanoic acid − − − 1 108 1:15 0.0122 0.0000~0.0122 0.021 5.290 Table 6.
Inheritance of aromatic components absent from both parents.
Figures
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Tables
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