Figures (2)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      RAxML tree of Diatrypaceae based on a combined dataset of ITS and tub2 partial sequences. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) equal to or higher than 50% and bayesian posterior probability (BYPP) equal to or higher than 0.90 are indicated above the branches. Newly generated sequences are shown in red, while the type species are shown in bold black and red.

    • Figure 2. 

      Peroneutypa aquilariae (HKAS 124185, holotype). (a)–(c) Appearance of ascomata on the substrate. (d) Section through an ascoma. (e)–(h) Asci, (g) ascus stained with Congo red reagent, (h) asci stained with Melzer’s reagent). (i) Ostiole. (j) Peridium. (k)–(n) Ascospores. (o) A germinating ascospore. (p), (q) Colony on PDA medium (after 7 d in culture). Scale bars: (d) = 300 μm, (e), (j) = 50 μm, (f), (g) = 10 μm, (h) = 20 μm, (i) = 30 μm, (k)–(o) = 5 μm.

    • Gene/LocusPrimers
      (Forward/Reverse)      		Thermal cyclesReference
      Internal transcribed spacers (ITS)ITS5/ITS494 °C: 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s, 72 °C: 90 s) × 35 cycles, 72 °C: 10 min, final 4 °C[33]
      β-tubulin (tub2)T1/Bt2b[34]

      Table 1. 

      The primers and thermal cycles of PCR used in this study.

    • SpeciesStrain numberITStub2Reference
      Allocryptovalsa castaneaCFCC 52427MW632944–[13]
      Allocryptovalsa castaneaCFCC 52428TMW632945–[13]
      Allocryptovalsa castaneaCFCC 52429MW632946–[13]
      Allocryptovalsa castaneicolaCFCC 52432TMW632947–[13]
      Allocryptovalsa cryptovalsoideaHVFIG02THQ692573HQ692524[34]
      Allocryptovalsa cryptovalsoideaHVFIG05HQ692574HQ692525[34]
      Allocryptovalsa elaeidisMFLUCC 15-0707TMN308410MN340296[46]
      Allocryptovalsa polysporaMFLUCC 17-0364TMF959500MG334556[17]
      Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstiiWA07COHQ692620HQ692522[34]
      Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstiiWA08CBHQ692619HQ692523[34]
      Allocryptovalsa sichuanensisHKAS 107017TMW240633MW775592[20]
      Allocryptovalsa truncataPUFNI 17639TMK990279–[1]
      Allodiatrype arengaeMFLUCC 15-0713TMN308411MN340297[46]
      Allodiatrype elaeidicolaMFLUCC 15-0737aTMN308415MN340299[46]
      Anthostoma decipiensJL567JN975370JN975407[47]
      Anthostoma decipiensIPV-FW349AM399021AM920693Unpublished
      Cryptosphaeria eunomiaCBS 216.87TKT425230KT425165[48]
      Cryptosphaeria eunomiaCBS 223.87KT425231KT425166[48]
      Cryptovalsa ampelinaA001GQ293901GQ293972[49]
      Cryptovalsa ampelinaDRO101GQ293902GQ293982[49]
      Diatrypasimilis australiensisATCC MYA-3540TNR111369–[50]
      Diatrype disciformisGNA14KR605644–[23]
      Diatrype disciformisMFLU 17-1549MW240629–[20]
      Diatrypella elaeidisMFLUCC 15-0279MN308417MN340300[46]
      Diatrypella verruciformisUCROK1467JX144793JX174093[51]
      Eutypa lataRGA01HQ692614HQ692497[34]
      Eutypa lataEP18HQ692611HQ692501[34]
      Eutypa microascaBAFC: 51550TKF964566KF964572[52]
      Eutypa microascaBAFC: 51551KF964565KF964570[52]
      Eutypa microascaBAFC: 51556KF964567KF964571[52]
      Eutypella cerviculataM68JF340269–[53]
      Eutypella semicircularisMP4669JQ517314–[54]
      Halocryptovalsa salicorniaeMFLUCC 15-0185TMH304410MH370274[25]
      Halodiatrype avicenniaeMFLUCC 15-0953KX573916KX573931[55]
      Halodiatrype salinicolaMFLUCC 15-1277KX573915KX573932[55]
      Monosporascus cannonballusCMM3646JX971617–[56]
      Monosporascus cannonballusATCC 26931TFJ430598–Unpublished
      Neoeutypella baoshanensisHMAS:255436MH822887MH822888[24]
      Neoeutypella baoshanensisGMBC0052MW797106MW814878[57]
      Pedumispora rhizophoraeBCC44877KJ888853–[58]
      Pedumispora rhizophoraeBCC44878KJ888854–[58]
      Peroneutypa alsophilaEL58CAJ302467–[15]
      Peroneutypa aquilariaeKUNCC 22-10817TOP454038OP572195This study
      Peroneutypa aquilariaeKUNCC 22-10818OP482262OP572196This study
      Peroneutypa comosaBAFC:393KF964568–[52]
      Peroneutypa curvisporaHUEFS 136877KM396641–[11]
      Peroneutypa diminutiascaMFLUCC 17-2144TMG873479MH316765[18]
      Peroneutypa diminutisporaHUEFS 192196TKM396647–[11]
      Peroneutypa indicaNFCCI-4393MN061368MN431498[25]
      Peroneutypa kochianaEL53MAJ302462–[15]
      Peroneutypa kunmingensisKUMCC 21-0001TMZ475070MZ490589[19]
      Peroneutypa leucaenaeMFLU 18-0816TMW240631MW775591[20]
      Peroneutypa longiascaMFLUCC 17-0371TMF959502MG334558[17]
      Peroneutypa mackenzieiMFLUCC 16-0072TKY283083KY706363[12]
      Peroneutypa mangroveiPUFD526TMG844286MH094409[24]
      Peroneutypa polysporaeNFCCI-4392MN061367MN431497[25]
      Peroneutypa scopariaMFLUCC 11-0615KU940152–[59]
      Peroneutypa scopariaMFLUCC 17-2143MG873478MH316764[18]
      Quaternaria quaternataEL60CAJ302469–[15]
      Quaternaria quaternataGNF13KR605645–[23]
      Xylaria atrosphaericaAFTOL-ID 51DQ491487–Unpublished
      Xylaria hypoxylonCBS 122620AM993141KX271279[60]
      The newly generated sequences are in black bold, superscripted 'T' indicates ex-type, and '–' indicates sequence unavailable.

      Table 2. 

      Species, strain numbers, and GenBank accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses.

    • SpeciesAscostromataAscomataOstiolar canalPeridiumParaphysesAsciAscosporesCountriesHostsReferences
      P. alsophilaSlightly or well-developed, less than 1 mm longN/ANecks not prominentN/AN/AApical apparatus J+N/AArgelia, FranceArthrocnemum fruticosum[15,16]
      P. aquilariaeSlightly or well-developed,
      0.5–1.5 mm wide,
      1–6 locules      		300–570 μm (excluding necks)With 200–300 μm long necks, 20–40 μm wide, without periphysis35–70 μm wideAbsent18.3 × 5.8 μm, short pedicellate or non-pedicellate, J- apical ring, apically rounded to truncate6.3 × 2 μm,
      hyaline to pale
      yellow, oblong
      to allantoid      		ChinaAquilaria sinensisThis study
      P. bellulaImmersed, scatteredGloboseLong necksN/AN/AMinimum, 5–6-spored, hyalineOblong, with granulesN/AArundo donax[61]
      P. coffeae450–900 × 350–650 μmN/A700–1,500 × 80–100 μm20–25 μm wideN/A23–25 × 4–5 μm, pedicellate4.5–6 × 1–1.5 μm, allantoidCentral African RepublicCoffea robusta[62]
      P. comosaSlightly or well-developedN/ANecks very long, over 1 mm, prominentN/AN/AApical apparatus J+ / J−N/AArgentinaCeltis tala[16,52]
      P. corniculataMulti-ascomaN/AProminentN/AN/AN/AN/AAmericaPrunus melanocarpa[9,63]
      P. curvisporaPoorly-developed, 0.6–3 mm wide,
      22 ascomata per stroma      		300–700 μm wide400–800 μm long, prominentN/AAbsent9–16.5 × 4–6 μm, long pedicellate, apex truncate3–5 × 1–2 μm, allantoid,
      strongly curved      		BrazilUnidentified wood[11]
      P. cylindrica3–4 mm,
      8–10 locules      		1 mm1–2.5 mm longN/AAbsent10–20 × 4–5, clavate, pedicellate4–5 × 2, hyaline, curvedSouth AfricaUnidentified wood[64]
      P. cyphelioides1–3 mm300 μm1–2 mm longN/AN/A15 × 4–5 μm4 × 1 μm, allantoidPhilippinesStreblus asper[65]
      P. diminutiascaWith poorly-developed interior, 1.2–1.4 mm wide, 1–10 locules147–218 μm (excluding necks)193 × 48 μm wide, long neck, periphysate15–32 μm wide4–7 μm wide, dense, septate22 × 4 μm, long pedicellate, with a J− subapical ring, apically rounded to truncate4.2 × 1.7 μm, hyaline to pale
      yellowish, allantoid      		ThailandUnidentified wood[18]
      P. diminutisporaAbsent or with poorly-developed, isolated or in groups of up to seven400–700 μm200–400 μm longN/AAbsentLong pedicellate, with a J− apical rings, apex truncateAllantoid, slightly to moderately curved, yellowish in massBrazilUnidentified wood[11]
      P. discriminis1 mm200 μm1 mm longN/AN/A12–14 × 4 μm5–6 × 1.5–2 μmIndia, PhilippinesFicus racemosa, Macaranga tanarius, Streblus asper[65]
      P. exiguaN/AN/A500–700 μm longN/AN/A11–16 × 3–6 μm (sporiferous part)3–3.5 × 1–1.5 μmBrazilCitrus aurantium[66]
      P. gliricidiaeInterior of the stroma not developedN/ANecks not prominentN/AN/A10–16 µm, J+AllantoidPhilippinesGliricidia sepium[16]
      P. heteracanthoidesN/A300 μmN/AN/AAbsent16 × 3.5 μm3–4 × 1 μm, allantoid, hyaline, with granulesSingaporeCassiae sp., Heveae brasiliensis[67]
      P. indicaWell-developed375 × 202 µm100–250 µm wide, with moderate neck 100–350 µm long, periphysate15–35 µm wide1–2 µm42 × 3.5 µm,
      short pedicellate, apically rounded to truncate, with a J– apical ring      		5.5 × 1.3 µm, hyaline, straight to allantoid, light brown in massIndiaSuaeda monoica[25]
      P. iranica 0.5–2 mm, 3–16 locules 300–500 μm 40–120 μm, periphysate 30–55 μm wide Septate, hyaline 13.5 × 3.6 μm, with a J+ apical ring 3.6 × 1 μm, hyaline, allantoid Iran Wisteria sinensis [68]
      P. kochiana Interior of the stroma not developed N/A Necks not prominent N/A N/A 18–28 µm long, J+ Allantoid Russia, Spain Atriplex halimus [15,16]
      P. komonoensis N/A 250–450 × 200–350 μm 1–1.2 mm long N/A N/A 30–38 × 3.5–4 μm, long pedicellate 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm, allantoid French Equatorial Africa Hevea brasiliensis[69]
      P. kunmingensisAbsent or with poorly-developed interior260 × 317 μm (excluding neck)140 × 100 μm wide, long neck, periphysate30–60 μm wideSeptate, hyaline26 × 4.1 μm, straight or slight curved, hyaline, long pedicel up to 16 μm, with a J– apical ring4.2 × 1.3 μm, hyaline to pale grey, oblong to allantoidChinaUnidentified wood[19]
      P. leucaenaeN/A655 × 525 μm275–350 μm long neck, periphysate22–43 μm wide3.2–7 μm wide, wider at the base, long, septate,33 × 4.2 μm, pedicel 17–27 μm long, J+ apical ringYellowish-brown, ellipsoidal to
      cylindrical or elongate-allantoid      		ThailandLeucaena leucocephala[20]
      P. lignicola609–685 μm high, 1,196–1,246 μm, 4–6 locules448–662 × 355–445 μmLong neck62–92 μm wideN/A16 × 6 μm, sessile, hyaline6 × 2 μm, elongate-allantoid, straight to slightly curvedThailandOn decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream[28]
      P. longiasca N/A 180–450 × 170–390 µm 20–50 μm wide, 190–440 μm long 14–47 μm wide N/A Short to long pedicellate, apically rounded to truncate with indistinct J– subapical ring 5.8 × 2 μm, hyaline, oblong to allantoid Thailand Hevea brasiliensis [17]
      P. mackenziei With poorly-developed interior, 1.2–2.2 mm wide, multi-ascoma 466 × 356 μm 265 × 100 μm, ostiolar canal with long neck, periphysate 45–65 μm wide 2.5–4.5 μm wide, dense, filamentous, aseptate, hyaline 17.7 × 4.2 μm, sessile, apically rounded to truncate, with a J– apical ring 5.6 × 1.6 μm, subhyaline to
      pale yellowish,
      elongate allantoid      		 Thailand Unidentified wood [12]
      P. macroceras 600–1,500 × 500–650 μm N/A 1,500–2,500 × 100–120 μm N/A N/A 30–35 × 4–4.5 μm, long pedicellate 4–5 × 1.2–1.5 μm, allantoid Central African Republic Coffea robusta [62]
      P. macrorostrata 1,500–2,000 × 350–500 μm N/A N/A N/A N/A 25–30 × 4–5 μm, pedicellate 4–6 × 1.5–2 μm, allantoid French Equatorial Africa Hevea brasiliensis [69]
      P. mangrovei Absent or poorly-developed, up to four in groups 375 × 202 μm 50–85 μm wide, with moderate neck length 100–350 μm, periphysate 15–35 µm wide 1–2 μm wide, septate, longer than asci 17 × 3.5 μm, short pedicellate, apically rounded to truncate, with a J– apical ring Hyaline to pale yellow, straight to allantoid India Avicennia marina [24]
      P. multistromata 400–900 × 200–700 μm 270–450 × 200–300 μm N/A N/A Absent 30–40 × 3–5 μm, (sporiferous part: 14–18 μm), long pedicellate, 8-spored 3–4 × 0.75–1 μm, hyaline, allantoid Cote d'Ivoire Coffea canephora [70]
      P. obesa Slightly or well-developed, spiny or bristly appearance to the stromatic surface, black line present N/A Necks prominent N/A N/A N/A 3–7 µm long, strongly curved Argentina, Zaire Unidentified
      wood      		 [16]
      P. perseae 500–700 × 300–500 μm,
      5–6 locules      		 300–600 × 150–200 μm N/A N/A Absent 18–26 × 4–6.5 μm, 8-spored, hyaline 5–6 × 1.5–2 μm, hyaline Morocco Persea americana [71]
      P. philippinarum 2–3 locules 200 μm 300–1000 μm long N/A N/A 15 × 4–5 μm 4 × 1.5 μm, allantoid Philippines Streblus asper [65]
      P. polymorpha N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cote d'Ivoire Manihot esculenta [72]
      P. polysporae N/A 286 × 223 µm 113 × 60 µm, periphysate 15–50 µm wide Septate, hyaline 113 × 12 µm, polysporous 9 × 1.8 µm, hyaline to pale yellow, allantoid India Suaeda monoica [25]
      P. rubiformis With poorly-developed interior, 1–1.4 mm wide, 1–10 locules 109 × 159 μm (excluding necks) 176 × 52 μm, roundish, prominent ostioles in the centre, rubus-like or star-like in shape, periphysate 20–25 μm wide 7–11 μm wide, septate, hyaline 50 × 5 μm, short pedicellate, apically rounded to truncate, with a J- subapical ring 4.3 × 1.6 μm, hyaline to pale yellowish, elongate-allantoid Thailand Unidentified wood [18]
      P. scoparia Not developed or with poorly-developed interior,1.2–2 mm wide, 4–8 locules 256 × 266 μm 441 × 105 μm,
      long necks,
      prominent, periphysate      		 20–35 μm wide Septate, hyaline 22 × 4.5 μm, long pedicellate, apically rounded to truncate, with a J– subapical ring 4.1 × 1.5 μm, oblong to allantoid, sometimes slightly curved Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic, France, India, Iran, Italy, Paraguay, Sweden, Thailand Acer pseudoplatanus, Actinidia deliciosa, Avicennia marina, bamboo culms, Gleditsia sp., Juglans regia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Vaccinium corymbosum [16,18,25,59]
      P. variabilis N/A 400–500 μm 700–2500 × 100–200 μm N/A N/A 12–18 × 3 μm (sporiferous part), tapering pedicel 3–5 × 1.5–2 μm, greenish-hyaline, cylindric, curved Sri Lanka Unidentified herbaccous [73]
      Host and location information of taxa extracted from the listed references and Farr & Rossman[74]. The symbol “N/A" denotes no information available or not mentioned in given papers, and the new species is in black bold.

      Table 3. 

      Morphological characteristics, host, and location information of Peroneutypa species.