Figures (1)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      Inter-cropping system with salinity tolerant legumes on coastal ecosystems.

    • No.Scientific nameCommon nameVarietyDistribution*Life cycleGrowth habit
      1Abrus precatorius L.Rosary pea―Tropical zonesPerennialShrub
      2Acacia dealbata LinkMimosaDealbata Link, 1846; Mackayana Seem.World widePerennialShrub or tree
      3Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex DelileGum arabic treecupressiformisAfricaPerennialTree
      4Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.Alyce Clover, Buffalo cloveNummularifolius (DC.) Miq., Parvifolius Verdc., stocksii Baker taiwanianus S.S. Ying, Vaginalis, venosa (Blat.& Hall.) A. Pramanik & Thoth.Tropical zonesPerennialHerb
      5Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.Pinto PeanutBelomonte, Reyan No.12Tropical zones of South AmericaPerennialHerb
      6Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.Pigeon pea, gungo peaPhule Tur-12, Babati White, bicolor DC., Cajan, flavus DC.Tropical zonesPerennialShrub
      7Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.Calopo, wild ground nut―Tropical zonesPerennialHerb
      8Canavalia ensifomis (L.) DCJack bean, horse beanCoriacea Domin, Ensiformis, Normalis KuntzeTropical zonesPerennialHerbaceous vine
      9Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.Bay bean―Tropical zonesPerennialHerbaceous vine
      10Cassia pumila Lam.――Tropical zones in China, India, Malaysia and AustraliaPerennialShrub
      11Centrosema pubescens Benth.Butterfly PeaCentrosema pubescens Benth. Jinjiang (2019, CATAS)Tropical zonesPerennialHerbaceous vine
      12Clitoria ternatea Linn. Sp. Pl.Asian pigeonwings, blue clitoria, butterfly peaAngustifolia Hochstetter ex Baker, major Paxton, Pleniflora Fantz, TernateaTropical zonesPerennialHerbaceous vine
      13Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth.Taiwan crotalariaalbida, Gengmanensis (Z. Wei & C.Y. Yang), Kangrensis A.A. AnsariSouthern AsiaPerennialHerbaceous
      14Crotalaria bractaeata Roxb. ex DC.――Southern Asia, AmericaPerennialHerb or shrub
      15Crotalaria ferruginea (Grah.) Benth.Rust-color crotalaria―Southern Asia, AmericaPerennialHerb
      16Crotalaria retusa Linn.Large yellow rattlebox, rattleweedIndica Nampy & Sibichen, retusa, Tunguensis (Lima) PolhillTropical zonesPerennialShrub
      17Dendrolobium triangulare(Retz.) Schindl.――Southern AsiaPerennialShrub
      18Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.Wild tantan, Hedge lucerneGlandulosus (L.) Willd.,1806; Depressus (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) B.L. Turner; VirgatusTropical zonesPerennialHerb or shrub
      19Erythrina corallodendron L.Cutlass BushBicolor Krukoff, Connata Krukoff, Corallodendron L,1753Sporadic spread in tropical zonesPerennialTree
      20Galactia elliptifoliola Merr.――Hainan, ChinaPerennialHerbaceous vine
      21Indigofera chuniana Metc.――Hainan, ChinaPerennialHerb or shrub
      22Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant.――Hainan, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, AustraliaAnnual or perennialHerb
      23Indigofera galegoides DC.――Southern AsiaPerennialShrub
      24Indigofera hirsuta Linn.Hairy Indigo―Tropical zonesAnnual or perennialHerb
      25Indigofera litoralis Chun & T.C.Chen――Tropical zones of ChinaPerennialHerb
      26Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.Anil IndigoCanescens (J.A. Schmidt) Lobin, SuffruticosaTropical zonesPerennialShrub
      27Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.Leucaena, Lead Tree, CassieReyan No. 1Tropical zonesPerennialShrub or tree
      28Macroptilium atropurpureum (L.) Urb.Purple BeanSiratroTropical zonesAnnual or perennialHerb
      29Melilotus indicus (L.) All.Annual Melilot, Indian sweet-clover,Indicus, prostratus P.C. Palau, Tommasini (Jord.) O.E. SchulzWorld wideAnnualHerb
      30Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.Yellow sweet-clover, common yellow melilot―World widePerennialHerb
      31Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D.Jacks.―Messina, NeptuneEurope and
      northern Australia      		Annual or perennialHerb
      32Pongamia pinnata (L.) PierreIndian Beech, Pongam treeHannii Domin, minor (Benth.) Domin, pinnata, Typica DominSouthern Asia and northern AustraliaPerennialTree
      33Pycnospora lutescens (Poir) Schindl.――Southern Asia and northern AustraliaPerennialHerb or shrub
      34Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.ChristmasbushAugusti (Harms) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, BicapsularisTropical zones of south America and southern AfricaPerennialShrub
      35Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.Yellow Pea Bush, DhainchaSericeaSouthern Asia and northern AustraliaAnnual or perennialHerb or shrub
      36Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & Oberm――AfricaAnnual or perennialHerb
      37Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.Common SesbanConcolor (Wight & Arn.) Baquar; Bicolor (Wight & Arn.) FW. Andrews; Nubica Chiov; sesban (L.) Merr,1912; Zambesiaca J.B. GillettAfrica, India,
      southern America
      and China      		PerennialShrub
      38Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.StyloReyan No. 20, 21, 22, 24, 25Tropical zones of Africa, Asia-pacific region and south AmericaPerennialShrub
      39Swainsona formosaSturt's Desert Pea―AustraliaPerennialHerb
      40Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Syn. Pl.Sarphonk, wild indigoAngustissima B.L. Rob., Brevidens Benth., Elongata Craib, Gracilis Tackholm & Boulos, Leptostachya (DC.) Brummitt, Pubescens Baker, Queenslandica Domin, sericea Benth., Yunnanensis Z. WeiTropical zonesPerennialHerb
      41Teramnus labialis (Linn.f.) Spreng.Blue wissAbyssinicus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Verdc., Acutus Verdc., Arabicus Verdc., Labialis, Somalensis VatkeTropical zonesPerennialHerb
      42Trifolium fragiferum L.Strawberry cloverSalinaSubtropical zones
      of north America, Europe, east Asia, southern Australia and New Zealand      		PerennialHerb
      43Uraria lagopodiodies (Linn.) Desv.ex DC.――Southern Asia and northern AustraliaPerennialShrub
      44Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.Beachpea―tropical zonesPerennialHerbaceous vine
      * Obtained from www.gbif.org/species

      Table 1. 

      General information of current salinity tolerant forage legume species.

    • No.Scientific nameSalinity tolerantDrought tolerantAcid
      tolerant      		Shade
      tolerant      		Waterlogging
      tolerant      		Frost
      tolerant      		Reference
      1Abrus precatorius L.XXX―――[55]
      2Acacia dealbata LinkX―X――X[7]
      3Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex DelileXX―――X[25]
      4Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.XXX―――https://extension.msstate.edu/content/alyceclover-alysicarpus-vaginalis
      5Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.XXXX――www.tropseeds.com/arachis-pintoi
      6Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.XXX―――[56]
      7Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.XX――――[57]
      8Canavalia ensifomis (L.) DCpotential*XX―X―pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrosema+pubescens
      9Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.X XXX―――[58]
      10Cassia pumila Lam.Potential*XX―――[59]
      11Centrosema pubescens Benth.X――XX―[60]
      12Clitoria ternatea Linn. Sp. Pl.XX―X―X[61]
      13Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth.Potential*XX―――https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%93%8D%E9%93%83%E8%B1%86/4860050?fromModule=lemma-qiyi_sense-lemma
      14Crotalaria bractaeata Roxb. ex DC.Potential*――――――
      15Crotalaria ferruginea (Grah.) Benth.Potential*――――――
      16Crotalaria retusa Linn.XX――――[62,63]
      17Dendrolobium triangulare(Retz.) Schindl.Potential*XX―――[64]
      18Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.Potential*――――――
      19Erythrina corallodendron L.Potential*―XX―Xhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%BE%99%E7%89%99%E8%8A%B1/3567229?fr=kg_general
      20Galactia elliptifoliola Merr.Potential*――――――
      21Indigofera chuniana Metc.Potential*X――――https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%96%8F%E8%8A%B1%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D/1483435?fr=kg_general
      22Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant.Potential*X――――https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D/7264010?fr=aladdin
      23Indigofera galegoides DC.Potential*――――――
      24Indigofera hirsuta Linn.Potential*X――X―https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D?fromModule=lemma_search-box
      25Indigofera litoralis Chun & T.C.ChenPotential*X――X―https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D/7181556?fr=aladdin
      26Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.Potential*―X―――[65]
      27Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.Potential*X――――[25] www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/4/3471
      28Macroptilium atropurpureum (L.) Urb.Potential*XX―X―[60]
      29Melilotus indicus (L.) All.X XX――X―[66,67]
      30Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.X―XX――[7,68]
      31Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D.Jacks.XX――X―[7,53,69]
      32Pongamia pinnata (L.) PierreX XXX―X―[70]
      33Pycnospora lutescens (Poir) Schindl.Potential*――――――
      34Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.X XX X――――Data to be published
      35Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.X XX X――X―[14,71,72]
      36Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & ObermX―X―X―[7]
      37Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.X―X―――[7,25]
      38Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.XXX―――[73,74]
      39Swainsona formosaXXX―――[75]
      40Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Syn. Pl.Potential*X――――https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Tephrosia_purpurea.PDF
      41Teramnus labialis (Linn.f.) Spreng.Potential*――――――
      42Trifolium fragiferum L.X―X―X―[67]
      43Uraria lagopodiodies (Linn.) Desv. ex DC.Potential*――――――
      44Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.X XX XX―――[13,76]
      Potential*: some germplasms collected from coastal areas with potential salinity tolerance and kept in the seed bank of Prataculturae Research Centre, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS). X means stress tolerant; XX means high stress tolerant.

      Table 2. 

      Tolerances of current salinity tolerant forage legume species.

    • No.Scientific nameProductivityLeaf crude proteinNitrogen fixation efficiencySalt tolerant rhizobiaReference
      1Abrus precatorius L.―16.28%――[80]
      2Acacia dealbata Link1.2−4.0 t DW/ha/y―40 kg N/ha/y―[81, 82]
      3Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile3.22 t DW/ha/y13.92%――[83−85]
      4Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.4–6 t DW/ha/y17.91%――https://apps.lucidcentral.org/tropical_forages, https://extension.msstate.edu/content/alyceclover-alysicarpus-vaginalis
      5Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.3−4 t DW t/ha/y17%-20%300 kg/ha/y―www.tropseeds.com/arachis-pintoi/
      6Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.3.175−6.515 t DM/ha/y―――[86]
      7Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.4−5 t DW/ha/ylow――[57,87]
      8Canavalia ensifomis (L.) DC―――――
      9Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.1.0−4.6 t DW/ha/y15%−20%―Some strains tolerant to 500−600 mM NaCl[88,89]
      10Cassia pumila Lam.―――――
      11Centrosema pubescens Benth.1.6−2.8 t DW /ha/y21.36%−23.34%120−270 kg N/ha/y―[78]
      12Clitoria ternatea Linn. Sp. Pl.1.2−3.6 t DW /ha/y14%−20%―Jd19 Rhizobium strain[90,91]
      13Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth.―――――
      14Crotalaria bractaeata Roxb. ex DC.―――――
      15Crotalaria ferruginea (Grah.) Benth.―――――
      16Crotalaria retusa Linn.―14.6%−18.0%――[63]
      17Dendrolobium triangulare(Retz.) Schindl.4−5 t DW/ha/yAverage 13.43%――[92]
      18Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.3.98 t DW/ha/yAverage 15.20%――[93]
      19Erythrina corallodendron L.―――――
      20Galactia elliptifoliola Merr.2.0−3.5 t DW/ha/y―――[94]
      21Indigofera chuniana Metc.2−4 t DW/ha/y―――Date to be published
      22Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant.3−4 t DW/ha/y10.7%――[95]
      23Indigofera galegoides DC.―Average 3.26% for total N――[96]
      24Indigofera hirsuta Linn.3−6 t DW/ha/y1.7−1.9% for total N――[96]
      25Indigofera litoralis Chun & T.C.Chen―――――
      26Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.2−4 t DW/ha/yAverage 3.77 for total N――[96]
      27Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.3.4 t DW/ha/y22.8%−25.9%76 kg N/ha/y―[97, 98]
      28Macroptilium atropurpureum (L.) Urb.2.4–5.5 t DW/ha/y13.73%−28.2%62−178 kg N/ha/y―[99−101]
      29Melilotus indicus (L.) All.3.8 t DW/ha/y――Some strain tolerant to 6% NaCl[66, 102]
      30Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.―14.5%−19.4%Add 80–130 pounds/acre of nitrogen to soil―[103, 104]
      www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/melilotus-officinalis
      31Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D.Jacks.―――――
      32Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre―――――
      33Pycnospora lutescens (Poir) Schindl.―――――
      34Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.―――――
      35Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.2.46−3.55 t DW/ha/y―949−1,040.25 kg N/ha/ySome strains tolerant to 5.0% (w/v) NaCl[77, 105, 106] www.healthbenefitstimes.com/sesbania
      36Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & Oberm1.06−2.19 t DW/ha/yAverage 19.9%90−219 kg N/ha/y―[77,107]
      37Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.2.39−2.59 kg DW/ha/y20%−25%42.6−109.5 kg N/ha/y―[108,109]
      38Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.4−5 t DW /ha/y14%−20%96−122 kg N/ha/yBradyrhizobium strain RJS9-2 tolerant to 350 mM NaCl[46,110]
      39Swainsona formosa―――――
      40Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Syn. Pl.―16.27%202.23 kg N/ha/ySome strains tolerant to 2.5%−3% of NaCl[79,111]
      41Teramnus labialis (Linn.f.) Spreng.3−4 t DM/ha/y22.86%――[112,113]
      42Trifolium fragiferum L.4.31−5.19 t DM/ha/y14.9%−25.7%――[114,115]
      43Uraria lagopodiodies (Linn.) Desv.ex DC.―――――
      44Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.2.0−4.0 t DW/ha/y13%−20%―Some strains tolerant to 600 mM NaCl[13,116]

      Table 3. 

      Productivity, nutrition value, BNF and salinity tolerance rhizobia of current tolerant forage legume species.

    • No.Scientific nameForageGreen manureFoodMedicineOrnamentalReference
      1Abrus precatorius L.―――XX[118]
      2Acacia dealbata LinkX――XX[119]
      3Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex DelileX――X―[84]
      4Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.XX―X―https://apps.lucidcentral.org/tropical_forages
      5Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.XX――Xhttps://apps.lucidcentral.org/tropical_forages, www.tropseeds.com/
      6Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.XXXX―[120]
      7Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.XX―――[121]
      8Canavalia ensifomis (L.) DCXXXX―[122]
      9Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.XXXXX[89]
      10Cassia pumila Lam.XX―X―[59]
      11Centrosema pubescens Benth.XX―――[78]
      12Clitoria ternatea Linn. Sp. Pl.XX―XX[90,123]
      13Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth.―X―X―[124]
      14Crotalaria bractaeata Roxb. ex DC.XX―X―https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/crotalaria-spectabilis/
      15Crotalaria ferruginea (Grah.) Benth.XX―X―[125]
      16Crotalaria retusa Linn.―XXX―https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%8A%E8%A3%99%E8%8D%89?fromModule=lemma_search-box#reference-[1]-3529418-wrap
      17Dendrolobium triangulare(Retz.) Schindl.XX―XXhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%81%87%E6%9C%A8%E8%B1%86/23437879?fromModule=lemma-qiyi_sense-lemma
      18Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.XX―――[93]
      19Erythrina corallodendron L.X――XXhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%BE%99%E7%89%99%E8%8A%B1/3567229?fr=kg_general
      20Galactia elliptifoliola Merr.XX―――[94]
      21Indigofera chuniana Metc.XX――Xhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%96%8F%E8%8A%B1%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D/1483435?fr=kg_general
      22Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant.XX―XX[126]
      23Indigofera galegoides DC.XX―XX[96]
      24Indigofera hirsuta Linn.XX――X[96]
      25Indigofera litoralis Chun & T.C.ChenXX―XXhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%9C%A8%E8%93%9D/7181556?fr=aladdin
      26Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.XX―X―[96]
      27Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.X―X―X[97]
      28Macroptilium atropurpureum (L.) Urb.XX―――[99]
      29Melilotus indicus (L.) All.XX―X―[66]
      30Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.XX―XX[103]
      31Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D.Jacks.XX――X[10]
      32Pongamia pinnata (L.) PierreX――X―[70]
      33Pycnospora lutescens (Poir) Schindl.XX―――[127]
      34Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.XX―X―[128]
      35Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.XX――X[14]
      36Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & ObermXX―――[107]
      37Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.XX―――[109]
      38Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.[110]
      39Swainsona formosaXX――X[75]
      40Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Syn. Pl.XX―X―https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Tephrosia_purpurea.PDF
      41Teramnus labialis (Linn.f.) Spreng.XX―X―[112]
      42Trifolium fragiferum L.XX―――[115]
      43Uraria lagopodiodies (Linn.) Desv.ex DC.XX――https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/524403-1
      44Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.XXXXX[129]
      X means can be used.

      Table 4. 

      Utilization of current salinity tolerant forage legume species.