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Chemical compound External
carbon sourcePenicillium spp. Reference Phenol None P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] P. chrysogenum var. halophenolicum [23] P. chrysogenum ERK1 [8, 37] P. notatum [41] Resorcinol None P. chrysogenum var. halophenolicum [24, 36] Catechol,
HydroquinoneNone P. chrysogenum var. halophenolicum [36] 2-chlorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] Acetate P. camemberti [39] 3-chlorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] P. simplicissimum [33] 4-chlorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] P. simplicissimum [33] 2-nitrophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] 3-nitrophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] 4-nitrophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [32] 4-bromophenol Phenol P. simplicissimum [33] 3-fluorophenol None P. simplicissimum [33] 4-fluorophenol None P. simplicissimum [33] 2,3- difluorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [35] 2,4- difluorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [35] 2,5- difluorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [35] 3,4- difluorophenol Phenol P. frequentans Bi 7/2 [35] 2,4,6-trichlorophenol Acetate P. chrysogenum ERK1 [7] Pentachlorophenol Acetate P. camemberti [39] 3,5-dimethyl-2,4-dichlorophenol None Penicillium spp [40] Table 1.
Degradation of phenol and its derivatives by Penicillium spp.
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Penicillium spp Chemical group Dye name Concentration
(mg·l−1)Toxicity analysis Wastewater tested Reference P. chrysogenum Azo Direct Black 22,
Direct Yellow 86,
Direct Blue 200200 T. aestivum Diluted effluent [4, 6] P. ochrochloron Triphenylmethane Cotton blue 50 T. aestivum
E. lens
A. vinelandiiNo [47] Malachite green 50 T. aestivum
E. lensDiluted effluent [48] P. simplicissimum
AzoReactive Red 198 Reactive Blue 214 200 D. pulex No [52] Phthalocyanine Reactive Blue 21 200 D. pulex No [52] Triphenylmethane Methyl Violet, Crystal Violet, Malachite Green
Cotton Blue50−100 V. radiate
B. cereus
S. aureusNo [53, 54] P. oxalicum Azo Acid Red 183, Direct Blue 15 Direct Red 75 100−300 No No [5] P. pinophilum Triphenylmethane Malachite Green 10 No No [55] Table 2.
Dye decolorization and degradation by Penicillium spp.
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Chemical compound Penicillium spp Reference Acenaphthene Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Anthracene P. oxalicum [75] P. ilerdanum [76] P. oxalicum SYJ-1 [77] Benzo[a]pyrene Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] P. janthinellum [66, 67] Benz[a]antracene P. janthinellum [67] Butylbenzene Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Chrysene P. janthinellum [67] Ethylbenzene Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Dibenz[a,h]anthracene P. janthinellum [67] Dibenzothiophene P. oxalicum [75] Dibenzofuran P. oxalicum [75] Fluorene P. italicum [69] P chrysogenum [68] Fluoranthene P. ilerdanum [76] Naphthalene P. ilerdanum [76] Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Phenanthrene P. frequentans [72] P. ilerdanum [76] P. oxalicum [75] P. oxalicum SYJ-1 [77] Pyrene P. simplicissimum,
P. funiculosum,
P. harzianum,
P. terrestre[70] P. janthinellum, [66,67,70] P. ochrochloron [71] P. glabrum [34] P. ilerdanum [76] Penicillium oxalicum SYJ-1 [77] Petrol Penicillium sp [73] Decane Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Dodecane Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Octane Penicillium sp. CHY-2 [74] Table 3.
Hydrocarbon degradation by Penicillium spp.
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Compound Penicillium spp Reference Formaldehyde P. chrysogenum DY-F2 [86] Diethylketone Penicillium spp. [87] Polychlorinated biphenyls P. chrysogenum,
P. citreosulfuratum,
P. canescens.[88] Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate P. chrysogenum [11] Poly ɛ-caprolactone and Polyester vylon 200 P. fellutanum (Lipases) [89, 90] Table 4.
Degradation of other organic pollutants by Penicillium spp.
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