Figures (8)  Tables (7)

    • Figure 1. 

      Types of emergency plans.

    • Figure 2. 

      The emergency response process of Wenchuan earthquake.

    • Figure 3. 

      Emergency disposal process of Kunming railway station violent terrorist incident.

    • Figure 4. 

      The order of events of the explosion accident in Tianjin harbor.

    • Figure 5. 

      Emergency disposal process of the explosion accident in Tianjin harbor.

    • Figure 6. 

      The important initiatives made by China during the COVID-19 epidemic.

    • Figure 7. 

      The keyword overlay visualization in all databases of SCI.

    • Figure 8. 

      The keyword overlay visualization in CNKI.

    • Public emergenciesExplanation
      Natural disastersIncludes flood and drought disasters, meteorological disasters, earthquake disasters, geological disasters, marine disasters, biological disasters, forest and grassland fires, etc.
      AccidentsIncludes various safety accidents of industrial, mining, commercial and other enterprises, traffic accidents, public facilities and equipment accidents, environmental pollution and ecological damage accidents.
      Public health incidentsIncludes the epidemic situation of infectious diseases, mass diseases of unknown causes, food safety and occupational hazards, animal epidemics, and other events.
      Social security incidentsIncludes terrorist attacks, economic security incidents and foreign-related emergencies.

      Table 1. 

      Classification of public emergencies.

    • ComponentMain content
      I:
      Introduction      		Includes purpose, scope and applicability, incident management activities, authorities and key concepts.
      II:
      Planning assumptions and considerations      		NRP is based on this section, it mentions assumptions that events are usually managed at the lowest possible geographical, organizational and jurisdictional level.
      III:
      Roles and responsibilities      		Includes state, local and governments, federal government, nongovernmental and volunteer organizations, private sector and citizen involvement.
      IV:
      Concept of operations      		This section describes the Federal coordinating structures, processes, and protocols employed to manage Incidents of National Significance. These coordinating structures and processes are designed to enable execution of the responsibilities of the President through the appropriate Federal departments and agencies, and to integrate Federal, State, local, tribal, NGO, and private-sector efforts into a comprehensive national approach to domestic incident management.
      V:
      Incident management actions      		Includes actions and NRP operations under the HSAS threat conditions.
      VI:
      Ongoing plan management and maintenance      		Includes coordination, plan maintenance and the National Incident Management System (NIMS) integration center.
      VII:
      Appendixes      		Includes a glossary of key terms, list of acronyms and authorities and references.
      VIII:
      Annexes      		Includes emergency support function annexes, support annexes and incident annexes.

      Table 2. 

      Content framework of the US's emergency plan.

    • ComponentMain content
      I:
      General principles      		Includes preparation purpose, preparation basis, guiding ideology, classification and grading, scope of application, working principles, classification and grading of emergencies.
      II:
      Organizational system and responsibilities      		Refers to the organization (department) and its responsibilities for the smooth operation of the emergency plan, including the leading organization (department), administrative organization (department), working organization (department), cooperative organization (department), expert group, etc., and defines the responsibilities of these organizations or departments in different stages of the emergency and different levels of emergency response.
      III:
      Operation mechanisms      		Includes prediction and early warning (early warning level and its release), emergency response (information report, advance disposal, emergency response, emergency end), recovery and reconstruction (aftermath disposal, investigation and evaluation, recovery and reconstruction, information release, social assistance, insurance).
      IV:
      Emergency safeguard measures      		Refers to various guarantees to deal with emergencies, including guarantees of personnel, material and property, medical care, legal system, transportation, public security, communication and information, facilities, technology.
      V:
      Supervision and management      		Includes publicity, training, drill, evaluation, responsibility, reward and punishment of emergency plans.
      VI:
      Supplementary principles      		Includes professional terms, effective time, reward regulations, improvement and revision of emergency plans, international emergency cooperation, implementation time of emergency plans.
      VII:
      Appendix      		Includes the address, contact information, standardized text, of relevant emergency response agencies and main responsible personnel.
      VIII:
      Note      		Explains the proper terms in the emergency plan.

      Table 3. 

      Content framework of China's emergency plan.

    • Head officeRailway administrationTrain operation depotRailway station
      1General principlesGeneral principlesGeneral principlesGeneral principles
      2Organizational system and responsibilitiesOrganizational system and responsibilitiesOrganizational system and responsibilitiesThe geographical environment around the station
      3Prevention and early warningPrevention and early warningEmergency rescue information networkOrganization, personnel and responsibilities
      4Emergency responseEmergency responsePrevention and early warningEmergency rescue equipment and support system
      5Post disposalPost disposalEmergency responseOrganization and implementation of emergency rescue work
      6Emergency safeguard measuresEmergency safeguard measuresPost disposalEmergency rescue training plan
      7Training and drilling systemTraining and drilling systemEmergency safeguard measuresAppendix
      8Supplementary principlesSupplementary principlesPublicity, training and drills
      9Appendix

      Table 4. 

      Comparison of emergency plan framework of CR.

    • Standing plansTemporary plans
      General Emergency Plan for National Public EmergenciesOverall Emergency Plan for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympics
      Marine Disaster Emergency PlanWork Plan for Medical and Health Security at the 2011 Boao Forum for Asia Annual Meeting
      National Emergency Plan for Flood Control and Drought ReliefEmergency Plan for Environmental Emergencies in Longgang District of the 26th Shenzhen Summer Universiade
      Emergency Plan for Drug Safety Emergencies in Jiangxi ProvinceEmergency Plan for Traffic Diversion around the International Exhibition Center of the 3rd China International Import Expo
      Emergency rescue plan for production safety accidents of CROverall Emergency Plan of Hangzhou for Emergencies during the 2020 CRCC Asian Paralympic Games
      …………

      Table 5. 

      Common standing plans and temporary plans.

    • DepartmentKunming Municipal GovernmentYunnan Provincial GovernmentCentral ministries and commissions
      Department of
      public security      		In the early stage, the focus of work was to deal with the emergency work at the scene, and in the later stage, the focus was to search for the terrorists who escaped from the incident.The head of Yunnan Public Security Department went to Kunming to direct emergency work and sent police to reinforce Kunming.After the incident, the Ministry of Public Security quickly launched an emergency response plan and sent relevant experts to Kunming overnight with the central working group.
      At 5:00 on March 2nd, the Minister of Public Security went to Kunming to guide the disposal work.
      Department of healthKunming hospitals set up a medical treatment team headed by their director.Yunnan Emergency Center launched the emergency response mechanism to assist Kunming in treatment work.The National Health and Family Planning Commission sent representatives to join the central working group and went to Kunming in the early morning on March 2nd to guide the handling of the incident.
      Department of fireThe fire brigade actively cooperated with the public security department to rescue the injured, protect the evacuated crowd, and quickly control the development of the incident.
      Department of transportationAfter the incident, emergency traffic control was imposed between Yongping Road and the railway station, and trains that were supposed to enter the Kunming station were temporarily stopped at other stations.Undertake the provincial traffic security work. Strengthen the prevention and control of public facilities such as stations, operating vehicles and crowded places, and prevent dangerous people and goods from getting on the train and entering the station.The Ministry of Transport shall guide the Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport in relevant emergency work.

      Table 6. 

      Department linkage in the disposal process.

    • Clustering keywordsResearch direction
      Model, Management, Simulation, Emergency plan, GIS, et al.Model-based multi-perspective research on emergency plan of China.
      Earthquake, Shanghai stampede, Climate-change, Public emergency, Public health emergencies, et al.Multi-faceted research on emergency plans of China from different types of emergencies.
      Emergency management system, Emergency mechanism, Emergency drill, Emergency plan system, Emergency rescue, Evacuation, Optimization, et al.Research on the deep logic of emergency plan system from the perspective of overall emergency management in China.
      Covid-19, Management, Emergency response, Preparedness, Epidemic prevention and control, Emergency plan system, Special emergency planStudy on the emergency plan for the epidemic situation of COVID-19.

      Table 7. 

      Research directions of emergency plans in China.