Effect of sonication - cooking on the immunoreactivity of soy slurry from germinated soybeans

Akshaya Ravindran; Hosahalli S Ramaswamy; Akshaya Ravindran; Hosahalli S Ramaswamy

doi:10.48130/FIA-2023-0008

Figures (4) Tables (4)

Figure 1.
Flowchart of soy slurry prepared from germinated soybeans.
Figure 2.
(a) Percentage reduction in soy IR in samples germinated for 96 or 120 h (G96D, G120D), ultrasound treated for 20 min and cooked for 10, 30 and 60 min (C10, C30 and C60). (b) Percentage reduction in soy IR in samples germinated for 96 or 120 h (G96D, G120D), ultrasound treated for 40 min and cooked for 10, 30 and 60 min (C10, C30 and C60). (c) Percentage reduction in soy IR in samples germinated for 96 or 120 h (G96D, G120D), ultrasound treated for 60 min and cooked for 10, 30 and 60 min (C10, C30 and C60).
Figure 3.
(a) FTIR spectrum of unprocessed, germinated for 96 and 120 h (G96D and G120D) and ultrasound treated for 20 min (US20) and cooked for 30 and 60 min (C30, C60). (b) FTIR spectrum of unprocessed, germinated for 96 and 120 h (G96D and G120D) and ultrasound treated for 40 min (US20) and cooked for 30 and 60 min (C30, C60). (c) FTIR spectrum of unprocessed, germinated for 96 and 120 h (G96D and G120D) and ultrasound treated for 60 min (US20) and cooked for 30 and 60 min (C30, C60).
Figure 4.
Percentage of secondary structure of soy slurry samples after different treatments: unprocessed, germinated for 96 and 120 h (G96D and G120D) and ultrasound treated for 20 min (US20), 40 min (US40), 60 min (US60) and cooked for 30 and 60 min (C30, C60).

Sample name	Germination time in the dark (h)	Ultrasound treatment time (min)	Cooking time (min)
Unprocessed	0	0	0
G96DUS0	96	0
G96DUS20		20
G96DUS40		40
G96DUS60		60
G96DUS20C10		20	10
G96DUS40C10		40
G96DUS60C10		60
G96DUS20C30		20	30
G96DUS40C30		40
G96DUS60C30		60
G96DUS20C60		20	60
G96DUS40C60		40
G96DUS60C60		60
G120DUS0	120	0	0
G120DUS20		20
G120DUS40		40
G120DUS60		60
G120DUS20C10		20	10
G120DUS40C10		40
G120DUS60C10		60
G120DUS20C30		20	30
G120DUS40C30		40
G120DUS60C30		60
G120DUS20C60		20	60
G120DUS40C60		40
G120DUS60C60		60
Sample notation: G(x)DUS(y)C(z); x is the germination duration in h, y is the ultrasound treatment time (min) and z is the cooking time (min).

Table 1.

Treatment conditions of soy slurry samples.

Sample name	Soy allergen immunoreactivity (mg/L)	Percentage reduction in soy allergen immunoreactivity (%)
Unprocessed	377.35 ± 2^a
G96DUS0	302.3 ± 0.57^b[0.10]	19.9 ± 0.3^b[0.10]
G120DUS0	303.4 ± 9.26^b[0.09]	19.6 ± 1.99^b[0.09]
G96DUS20	264.71 ± 4.96^A[0.15]	29.9 ± 0.91^A[0.15]
G96DUS40	250.57 ± 0.76^CD[0.18]	33.6 ± 0.58^CD[0.18]
G96DUS60	189.6 ± 4.22^E[0.30]	49.8 ± 1.41^E[0.30]
G120DUS20	289.84 ± 0.23^BC[0.11]	23.2 ± 0.5^BC[0.11]
G120DUS40	248.3 ± 9.97^CD[0.18]	34.2 ± 2.26^CD[0.18]
G120DUS60	192.3 ± 9.57^E[0.29]	49.1 ± 2.24^E[0.29]
Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Values with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). Lowercase letters represent immunoreactivity and percentage reduction in immunoreactivity for germination. Uppercase letters represent combinations of germination and ultrasound treatment. The values given in [ ] are the log reduction in immunoreactivity of samples. Sample notation: G(x)DUS(y)C(z); x is the germination duration in h, y is the ultrasound treatment time (min) and z is the cooking time (min).

Table 2.

Immunoreactivity of soy slurry samples with germination and ultrasound treatment.

Sample name	Cooking time (min)	Soy immunoreactivity (mg/L)	Logarithmic cycle reduction in soy immunoreactivity Log(10)
Unprocessed	0	377.35 ± 2.16^a
G96DUS20C10	10	29.67 ± 0.15^b	1.10
G96DUS40C10		20.46 ± 0.03^de	1.27
G96DUS60C10		19.74 ± 0.02^e	1.28
G96DUS20C30	30	9.05 ± 0.06^f	1.62
G96DUS40C30		4.71 ± 0.08^l	1.90
G96DUS60C30		3.08 ± 0.01^m	2.09
G96DUS20C60	60	7.37 ± 0.07^ij	1.71
G96DUS40C60		1.92 ± 0.08ⁿ	2.29
G96DUS60C60		1.53 ± 0.02ⁿ	2.39
G120DUS20C10	10	26.56 ± 0.15^c	1.15
G120DUS40C10		20.4 ± 0.18^de	1.27
G120DUS60C10		18.14 ± 0.01^e	1.32
G120DUS20C30	30	6.77 ± 0.03^k	1.75
G120DUS40C30		3.88 ± 0.03^m	1.99
G120DUS60C30		1.15 ± 0.02^op	2.52
G120DUS20C60	60	6.02 ± 0.01^k	1.80
G120DUS40C60		1.81 ± 0.06ⁿ	2.32
G120DUS60C60		1.03 ± 0.01^op	2.57
Values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). Values with different superxscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). Log reduction: Log (unprocessed – processed). Sample notation: G(x)DUS(y)C(z); x is the germination duration in h, y is the ultrasound treatment time (min) and z is the cooking time (min).

Table 3.

Immunoreactivity of soy slurry samples with a combination of germination ultrasound treatment and cooking.

Sample	Germination time (h)	Ultrasound treatment	Cooking time at 100 °C (min)	TPC (mg of GAE/g)	DPPH radical scavenging activity (%)
Unprocessed	0	0	0	2.53 ± 0.03^a	20.9 ± 0.03^a
Germinated 96 h	96	0	0	12.5 ± 0.3^b	54.4 ± 0.14^b
Germinated 120 h	120	0	0	12.7 ± 0.11^b	55.2 ± 0.07^bc
G96D US20	96	20	0	14.3 ± 0.07^ab	57.2 ± 0.05^d
G96D US40		40	0	14.4 ± 0.06^ab	59.8 ± 0.05^e
G96D US60		60	0	14.5 ± 0.03^ab	60.8 ± 0.04^f
G96D US20C10		20	10	9.3 ± 0.07^cd	45.8 ± 0.06^h
G96D US40C10		40	10	9.2 ± 0.27^cd	43.3 ± 0.78ⁱ
G96D US60C10		60	10	9.9 ± 0.02^e	43.1 ± 0.04ⁱ
G96D US20C30		20	30	7.6 ± 0.02	48.9 ± 0.15^j
G96D US40C30		40	30	7.5 ± 0.04^gh	43.9 ± 0.01ⁱ
G96D US60C30		60	30	7.3 ± 0.03^gh	33.1 ± 0.07^k
G96D US20C60		20	60	7.3 ± 0.17^gh	36.6 ± 0.04^kl
G96D US40C60		40	60	7.2 ± 0.04^gh	36.4 ± 0.06^kl
G96D US60C60		60	60	7.6 ± 0.44^gh	33.4 ± 0.01^k
G120D US20	120	20	0	14.6 ± 0.11^ab	56.4 ± 0.01^bc
G120D US40		40	0	14.6 ± 0.22^ab	59.4 ± 0.03^e
G120D US60		60	0	14.7 ± 0.64^ab	66.6 ± 0.15^g
G120D US20C10		20	10	10.6 ± 0.24^ef	37.4 ± 0.05^ij
G120D US40C10		40	10	9.2 ± 0.06^cd	33.3 ± 0.03^k
G120D US60C10		60	10	9.1 ± 0.01^cd	26.7 ± 0.01^m
G120D US20C30		20	30	8.8 ± 0.09^g	34.5 ± 0.01^klm
G120D US40C30		40	30	8.5 ± 0.02^g	28.2 ± 0.04ⁿ
G120D US60C30		60	30	7.5 ± 0.16^gh	26.4 ± 0.07^m
G120DUS20C60		20	60	8.5 ± 0.06^g	29.1 ± 0.04^no
G120D US40C60		40	60	7.3 ± 0.05^gh	26.2 ± 0.01^m
G120D US60C60		60	60	6.2 ± 0.03^h	24.7 ± 0.01^op
Values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). Values with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). Sample notation: G(x)DUS(y)C(z); x is the germination duration in h, y is the ultrasound treatment time (min), and z is the cooking time (min).

Table 4.

Total phenolic and DPPH inhibition values of soy slurry samples.