Figures (3)  Tables (3)
    • Figure 1. 

      X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the (I) soil-'C' and (II) soil-'P'. The dotted lines show similar peaks. (C1: unpolluted soil, C2: unpolluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite, P1: polluted soil and P2: polluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite).

    • Figure 2. 

      Dry weight of white clover plants grown on the different tested soils. (P1: polluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite, P2: polluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite, C1: unpolluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite, C2: unpolluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite). * Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences (F-test, p < 0.05). Values ± SD.

    • Figure 3. 

      Bioaccumulation factor (BF) of white clover for Cd, Pb, and Zn. (P1: polluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite, and P2: polluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite,). Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences (F-test, p < 0.05). Values ± SD.

    • SoilNutrients and physicochemical propertiesMetal concentration (mg/kg dry soil)
      N
      (g/100g)
      P
      (mg/kg)
      K
      (cmol+/kg)
      pH
      (+0.01)
      Organic
      matter
      %
      CaCO3 %CEC
      (meq/100 g
      dry soil)
      Sand
      %
      Clay
      %
      Silt
      %
      Soil
      type
      CdPbZn
      'P'0.10110.748.243.211.1034.9264.012.124.2Sandy loam4.30a291.10a1,458.12a
      'C'0.11101.517.320.672.2136.3131.044.225.0Claynd**17.32c76.21c
      Maximum allowable values*1.0060.0200.0
      * Ministry of the Environment–Finland (MEF, 2007). nd**: Not Detectable. P: polluted soil, C: unpolluted soil (control). Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences (F-test, p < 0.05).

      Table 1. 

      Nutrients, physical and chemical characteristics of the tested soils.

    • SoilWhite clover (mg/kg dry weight of plant)
      CdPbZn
      P11.93a*11.74a199.31a
      P21.43b7.98b141.95b
      C1nd**5.58c60.92c
      C2nd**3.66d54.16c
      Normal consumption
      limits as dry biomass:
      0.5030.00300.00
      P1: polluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite, P2: polluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite, C1: unpolluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite, C2: unpolluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite. *Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences (F-test, p < 0.05) nd**: not detectable.

      Table 2. 

      Concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn in the total plant tissue of white clover plants.

    • SoilMetal concentration (mg/kg dry soil)
      TotalAvailable
      CdPbZnCdPbZn
      P12.33a215.67a*996.67a0.39a31.00a84.67a
      P22.74b220.33b1043.33b0.40a32.33a93.67b
      C1nd**12.00c73.33cnd**2.07b5.97c
      C2nd**13.33c70.00cnd**2.1b6.87c
      P1: polluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite. P2: polluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite. C1: unpolluted soil without the addition of 1% zeolite. C2: unpolluted soil with the addition of 1% zeolite. * Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences (F-test, p < 0.05).

      Table 3. 

      Total and available metal concentration in the soils after harvesting white clover plants.