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Figure 1.
Representative flower types used in interspecific crosses to develop more cold hardy fruiting passionfruit vines. Passiflora incarnata flower (left), P. edulis f. flavicarpa flower (middle), and resulting hybrid flower (right).
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Figure 2.
Fruit from P. edulis (purple and yellow) (left), P. incarnata (middle) and hybrid fruit (right). Hybrid fruit remained green similar to the P. incarnata parent.
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Selection Parentage Fruit # Keep Feel1 Visual2 Seed # Tot wt (g) Hull wt (g) HT (mm) Width (mm) Density (g/cm2)3 Shape4 Pulp wt (g) Pulp %5 20R104 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 52 No 2.38 1.98 5.67 16.37 12.47 55.40 41.43 0.69 1.34 2.20 11.59 20R114 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 37 Yes 3.78 4.27 21.91 22.61 12.60 56.97 39.10 0.99 1.46 9.57 40.15 20R305 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 22 Yes 4.45 4.36 25.58 32.17 19.11 59.16 44.59 1.18 1.33 10.36 33.21 20R309 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 14 No 3.93 3.14 9.71 24.89 15.17 56.38 42.30 0.98 1.33 3.17 12.19 20R314 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 26 Yes 4.58 4.50 22.74 29.54 17.03 54.49 42.39 1.21 1.29 9.52 33.25 20R426 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 21 No 3.29 3.55 11.27 18.56 14.22 47.57 35.71 1.01 1.35 5.01 20.81 21R203 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 24 Yes 3.29 3.33 14.56 18.94 11.98 55.52 40.65 0.82 1.37 5.26 27.74 21R206 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 51 Yes 3.24 3.22 10.38 17.38 11.18 49.02 33.08 0.99 1.49 5.32 25.90 21R207 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 27 No 2.30 2.00 6.96 12.03 9.11 50.83 34.39 0.66 1.49 2.68 20.13 21R215 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 20 No 3.95 3.85 13.47 21.47 14.40 57.14 38.95 0.94 1.47 5.47 25.75 21R217 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 33 No 2.82 2.82 6.20 15.78 11.74 53.01 38.08 0.77 1.40 2.50 14.36 21R218 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 33 Yes 3.06 3.39 18.33 18.14 9.67 52.91 37.65 0.87 1.41 6.47 32.59 21R221 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 31 No 2.68 3.00 15.56 18.97 13.15 56.73 40.18 0.82 1.41 5.50 28.06 21R301 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 41 No 3.05 3.17 15.50 17.93 12.19 52.28 37.83 0.87 1.39 7.39 34.79 21R303 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 41 Yes 3.95 3.66 17.13 23.12 14.62 54.90 40.66 0.99 1.35 6.86 28.74 21R304 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 43 Yes 3.09 3.30 14.67 18.21 11.72 54.10 37.50 0.86 1.45 6.06 28.37 21R308 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 52 No 2.27 2.44 7.59 15.03 10.06 53.58 38.94 0.69 1.38 3.14 19.50 21R317 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 6 No 2.33 1.33 2.00 20.48 20.00 54.17 44.91 0.83 1.20 0.85 2.35 21R319 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata OK 41 Yes 3.41 4.07 26.71 22.28 10.27 56.57 38.96 0.98 1.45 10.99 46.97 22R306 Frederick × P. incarnata IL 30 No 2.43 2.37 9.07 14.40 10.28 48.43 39.87 0.74 1.22 3.90 26.25 22R307 Frederick × P. incarnata IL 25 Yes 3.36 3.88 19.57 18.62 11.78 52.80 39.13 0.89 1.35 6.87 36.87 22R401 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 16 No 3.13 2.19 6.92 25.03 15.35 52.80 46.63 0.94 1.14 3.38 17.33 22R402 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 35 No 3.26 2.31 7.42 20.66 13.90 53.15 41.97 0.90 1.27 3.72 19.77 22R403 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 5 No 3.00 1.40 0.00 18.51 13.00 47.19 36.52 1.04 1.31 0.00 0.00 22R404 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 12 No 3.75 3.50 12.00 21.39 13.09 50.33 37.40 1.10 1.35 6.14 26.96 22R405 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 20 Yes 3.85 3.35 14.64 25.77 17.31 55.36 43.77 1.04 1.27 7.55 29.30 22R406 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 20 No 3.45 2.40 10.75 21.57 15.12 49.35 41.22 1.05 1.20 5.93 24.84 22R407 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata MS 16 No 3.75 3.25 11.20 23.00 15.22 48.57 40.47 1.14 1.20 5.58 27.77 22R501 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 23 No 1.61 1.13 1.05 11.73 11.10 39.04 34.34 0.86 1.13 0.49 2.39 22R502 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 9 No 2.11 1.00 2.00 13.71 8.80 45.48 36.30 0.81 1.27 0.85 8.71 22R503 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 25 No 1.80 1.08 0.41 11.86 11.43 39.27 33.05 0.92 1.19 0.04 0.38 22R504 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 4 No 1.75 1.00 0.00 13.11 7.72 44.10 32.53 0.81 1.36 0.00 0.00 22R505 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 12 No 2.92 1.67 5.20 19.60 14.31 50.32 41.75 0.96 1.21 2.45 12.94 22R506 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 25 No 1.92 1.04 0.21 15.39 13.74 48.25 39.22 0.78 1.24 0.08 0.97 22R507 P. edulis f. flavicarpa × P. incarnata IL 37 No 1.59 1.19 0.63 10.77 10.12 41.98 34.12 0.74 1.23 0.22 2.11 1 Feel: (feel scale of 1−5, with 1 = light, empty fruit and 5 = heavy, full fruit). 2 Visual: (visual rating of pulp of 1−5, with 1 = light, empty fruit and 5 = heavy, full fruit). 3 Density: Fd = W/(H×D), where W = fruit weight (g), H = fruit height (cm), and D = fruit width (cm). 4 Shape: H/D, where H = fruit height (mm), and D = fruit width (mm). 5 Pulp percentage [(pulp weight/total weight) × 100]. Table 1.
Fruit related characteristics of interspecific hybrid Passiflora selections among both selections were kept for further evaluation and those that were eliminated from further analysis (not kept).
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Fruit feel Visual Seed # Hull wt (g) Pulp wt (g) Pulp % Density (g/cm2) Total wt (g) Fruit Feel1 1.00 0.6586 0.6524 0.5129 0.6592 0.6584 0.7677 0.7084 Visual2 0.6586 1.00 0.6807 0.0442 0.7215 0.6586 0.5145 0.3972 Seed # 0.6524 0.6807 1.00 0.3441 0.9652 0.9069 0.5681 0.8095 Hull wt (g) 0.5129 0.0442 0.3441 1.00 0.3073 0.2260 0.6114 0.8024 Pulp wt (g) 0.6592 0.7215 0.9652 0.3073 1.00 0.8916 0.6604 0.7853 Pulp %3 0.6584 0.6586 0.9069 0.2260 0.8916 1.00 0.6306 0.7314 Density4 0.7677 0.5145 0.6581 0.6114 0.6604 0.6306 1.00 0.7818 Total wt (g) 0.7084 0.3972 0.8095 0.8024 0.7853 0.7314 0.7818 1.00 1 Feel: (feel scale of 1−5, with 1 = light, empty fruit and 5 = heavy, full fruit). 2 Visual: (visual rating of pulp of 1−5, with 1 = light, empty fruit and 5 = heavy, full fruit). 3 Pulp percentage [(pulp weight/total weight) × 100]. 4 Density: Fd = W/(H×D), where W = fruit weight (g), H = fruit height (cm), and D = fruit width (cm). Table 2.
Correlations of fruit characteristics among all interspecific Passiflora hybrids selections in 2022.
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Male Total wt (g) Hull wt (g) Height (mm) Width (mm) Density (g/cm2)2 Shape3 Pulp Wt (g) Pulp %4 Seed # IL 14.8 c 11.5 b 45.9 c 37.6 c 0.83 c 1.23 c 2.00 b 11.9 b 5.0 c MS 22.1 a 14.8 a 51.6 b 41.2 a 1.02 a 1.26 b 5.24 a 23.8 a 10.3 b OK 19.5 b 12.3 b 54.1 a 38.8 b 0.89 b 1.40 a 5.90 a 27.2 a 14.3 a P value1 < 0.0001 < 0..0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 1 Means within a column followed by the same letter are similar according to Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) at p ≤ 0.05. Means followed with different letters within a column are significantly different. 2 Density: Fd = W/(H×D), where W = fruit weight (g), H = fruit height (cm), and D = fruit width (cm). 3 Shape: H/D, where H = fruit height (mm), and D = fruit width (mm). 4 Pulp percentage: [(pulp weight/total weight) × 100]. Table 3.
Fruit measurements by Passiflora incarnata male parent among all interspecific hybrid selections in 2022.
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Seed # Total wt (g) Height (mm) Width (mm) Density (g/cm2)2 Shape3 Pulp wt (g) Hull wt (g) Kept 18.2 21.7 54.3 39.0 0.97 1.40 7.5 12.6 Discarded 7.0 16.9 50.4 38.7 0.84 1.31 3.0 12.2 P value1 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.3698 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.2415 1 Means within a column are different according to Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) at p ≤ 0.05. 2 Density: Fd = W/(H×D), where W = fruit weight (g), H = fruit height (cm), and D = fruit width (cm). 3 Shape: H/D, where H = fruit height (mm), and D = fruit width (mm). Table 4.
Resulting traits of interspecific Passiflora vine selections that were kept and those discarded during the 2022 season.
Figures
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Tables
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