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Figure 1.
Flow chart representing different stages of mushroom cultivation.
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Figure 2.
List of some edible mushrooms including their scientific names. Sources: by user Chris73, CC-BY-SA-3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChampignonMushroom.jpg ; by user Sarefo, CC-BY-SA-3.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ganoderma_applanatum_-_Lindsey.jpg ; by user Jean-Pol, CC-BY-SA-3.0,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Pleurotus_ostreatus_JPG7.jpg ; by user Siebot, CC-BY-SA-3.0,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Eikhaas.JPG ; by user Toter Alter Mann, CC-BY-SA-3.0,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Boletopsis_nothofagi_fruitbodies.jpg ; by user File upload Bot (Magnus Manske), CC-BY-SA-2.5,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Cordyceps_Sinensis.jpg. -
Medicinal mushroom Properties References Agaricus bisporus Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic [21] Boletus edulis bull Antitumor [22] Flammulina velutipes Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and antiallergic [10] Grifola frondosa Antioxidant, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, immunotherapy, andanti-inflammatory activity [26] Ganoderma lucidium Hypoglycemic, antioxidant and antitumor, antiviral (HIV-1), antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, and antioxidative [23] Lentinula edodes Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immunotherapy, antimicrobial, and antiprotozoal [10] Pleurotus ostreatus Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and antiallergic [24] Table 1.
Common mushrooms and their medicinal properties.
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Cancer Bioactive extracts In vitro study In vivo study References Breast Ganoderic acid
Methanol extractAgaricus bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus obliquus, Poriacocos
Tricholoma mongolicumAgaricus bisporus, Ganoderma lucidum, Schizophyllum commune [49−52] Colorectal Methanol extract Polysaccharide’s extract Grifola frondose, Inonotus oblicuus,
Agaricus bisporis, Agaricus blazeiAgaricus blazei [53−55] Gastric Methanol extract Agaricus blazei [50] Liver Polysaccharide Agaricus blazei, Coriolus versicolor Lentinan,
Cordyceps sinensesAgaricus blazei, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Schizophyluum commune [56−59] Lung Ethanol extract Agaricus blazie, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinula edodes Poria cocos [60] Prostate Fruit body powder Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Phellinus linteus [61−63] Table 2.
List of bioactive extracts isolated from mushrooms used in various cancer treatments.
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Class Antitumor agents Mushroom species References Quinones Panepoxydone Panus conchatus [69] Lentinus crinitus Cycloepoxydon Xylaria strain Clavilactones CB, CD and CA Cliticybe claviceps Quinone 490 Agaricus bisporus Amines Putrescine-1,4-dicinnamide Pholiota spumosa [70] Isoflavones Genistein Flammulina velupites [69] Triacylglycerols 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol Grifola frondosa [69] Steroids Ergosterol Grifola frondose [69] Agaricus blazei Lucidenic lactone Cerevisterol Ganoderiol F Ganoderma lucidum [71−73] Ganodermanontriol Dehydroebriconic acid Daedaleadic kinsii [69] Organic germanium Bis-β-carboxyethylgermaniumsequioxide Ganoderma lucidum [72] Homoglucans (1→3)- β-D-glucan with (1→6)-β-D branches: Lentinum Lentinus edodes [72] Schizophyllan Schizophyllum commune [74] Grifolan Grifola frondose [71,74] (1→3)-β-D-glucan with (1→2) or (1→6) branches Pachyman from poriacocos [37] (1→6)-β-D-glucan with (1→4)-α branches Agaricus blazei [37] Heteroglucans Galactoxyloglucan Hericiumerinaceus [72] Mannogalactoglucan Agaricus blazei, Ganoderma lucidum Xylogalactoglucan Inonotuso bluquus Glycans Glucogalactan Ganoderma tsugae [63] Xylan Hericium erinaceus [37] Glycoproteins Galactoxyloglucan- protein complex Hericinum erinaceus [74] Glycopeptides Polysaccharide peptide Trametes versicolor [74] Proteoglycans GLIS Ganoderma lucidum [72] PL Phellinus linteus Table 3.
List of antitumor compounds extracted from various medicinal mushrooms.
Figures
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Tables
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