Figures (5)  Tables (1)
    • Figure 1. 

      TMS10/TMS10L, OsTMS5 buffer temperature changes to maintain rice male fertility. (a) In WT, TMS10 and TMS10L relay extracellular signals via substrate phosphorylation (P) to safeguard male fertility at high and low temperatures (HT/LT). In the tms10 mutant at HT, TMS10L is poorly expressed and signals cannot be transduced, resulting in abnormal tapetum degradation and male sterility. At LT, however, TMS10L can restore signal transduction to recover male fertility of the tms10 mutant. The tms10 tms10l double mutant is completely sterile at all temperatures. Red crosses indicate loss of function. (b) In WT, OsTMS15, interacting with its ligand OsTDL1A, initiates tapetum development for pollen formation at HT or LT. In the ostms15 mutant with an amino acid substitution in its TIR motif, the interaction between mTIR and OsTDL1A is reduced, leading to defective tapetum function and male sterility at HT. LT can enhance the interaction and restore tapetum function and male fertility of ostms15 mutant. The knockout line ostms15-cr has no tapetum and is completely sterile at both HT and LT conditions. Os, Oryza sativa (rice).

    • Figure 2. 

      CSA and CSA2 are a pair of R2R3 MYB transcription factors in rice mediating male fertility adaptation to photoperiod. CSA is a key regulator under short-day (SD) conditions while CSA2 a major regulator under long-day (LD) conditions, both influencing sugar partitioning to the anther. In the csa mutant under SD, downstream target genes, including MST8, are not activated, leading to defective sugar partitioning and male sterility; under LD conditions, CSA2 can restore fertility of the csa mutant. In the csa2 mutant under LD, the loss of CSA2 function reduces activation of downstream target genes, leading to male semi-sterility; while CSA works under SD to restore male fertility. Red crosses indicate loss of function.

    • Figure 3. 

      PHD finger proteins OsMS1 and GmMS3 affect temperature- or photoperiod-sensitive adaption of plant male reproduction in rice and soybean, respectively. (a) Schematic showing domains of plant homeodomain (PHD) finger proteins. Truncation of PHD in gmms3 leads to PGMS in soybean. The L301P substitution in the OsMS1wenmin1 LXXLL (L, leucine; X, any amino acid) motif leads to TGMS in rice. Deletion of the LXXLL and PHD domains in OsMS1/GmMS3 leads to complete male sterility. (b) Short-day (SD) conditions do not induce the expression of gmms3, leading to abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in anthers and male sterility. Long-day (LD) conditions is sufficient to activate gmms3 and restore male fertility. Red crosses indicate loss of function. (c) At high temperature (HT), OsMS1wenmin1 is expressed at low levels and distributed across both cytoplasm and nucleus, so nuclear concentration is insufficient to activate target genes, e.g., EAT1, leading to male sterility. At low temperature (LT), OsMS1wenmin1 is expressed at higher levels and concentrated appropriately in the nucleus to restore male fertility. Os, Oryza sativa (rice); Gm, Glycine max (soybean); NLS, nuclear localization signal.

    • Figure 4. 

      Pollen coat composition affects fertility at low humidity in rice and Arabidopsis OsOCS12/OsPTS1 influences long-chain fatty acid transport, and OSGL1-4/OsCER1, HMS1/OsCER2, and AtCER1, AtCER2, AtCER2L2, AtCER3, AtCER6 play roles in VLC fatty acid biosynthesis. Mutation in these genes (singly or in pairs) compromises pollen coat composition to reduce adhesion and hydration under low humidity (LH). At, Arabidopsis thaliana; HH, high humidity; VLC, very long chain.

    • Figure 5. 

      Slow development and delay in pectin wall degradation can restore fertility in Arabidopsis pollen wall mutants. Low-temperature (LT), short-day (SD), low-light intensity (LLI), and the res1 mutation can slow development of pollen to recover male fertility in Arabidopsis lines defective in pollen wall formation. The res2 mutation delays pectin wall degradation, providing extra protection for developing pollen in pollen-defective mutants. Red crosses indicate loss of function.

    • Species Gene name Gene ID Gene productType of
      EGMS
      PathwayReference
      Arabidopsis
      ACOS5At1g62940acyl-CoA synthetase 5P/TGMSPollen exine formation[36,38]
      RVMSAt4g10950GDSL lipaseP/TGMSPollen nexine formation[36,38]
      CalS5At2g13680callose synthase 5P/TGMSPollen exine patterning[36,38]
      RPG1/SWEET8At5g40260SWEET8TGMSPollen nexine formation[34,35,38,
      111,112]
      CYP703A2At1g01280cytochrome P450 703A2P/TGMSPollen exine formation[36,38]
      ABCG26At3g13220ATP-binding cassette transporter G26TGMSPollen exine formation[38]
      TMS1At3g08970HSP40TGMSGrowth of pollen tubes, unfolded protein response[113,114]
      NPUAt3g51610ATP-dependent helicase/deoxyribonuclease subunit BP/TGMSPollen primexine
      deposition
      [36]
      IRE1A IRE1BAt2g17520 At5g24360IRETGMSPollen coat formation, unfolded protein response[115]
      AtSec62At3g20920Translocation proteinTGMSProtein translocation and
      secretion
      [116]
      PEAMTAt3g18000S-adenosyl-l-methionine: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferaseTGMSSignal transduction[117]
      AtPUB4At2g23140E3 ligaseTGMSProtein degeneration[118]
      COI1LOC9315901F box proteinTGMSProtein degeneration[119]
      ICE1At3g26744MYC-like bHLH
      transcriptional activator
      HGMSAnther dehiscence, transcriptional regulation[120]
      MYB33 MYB65At5g06100 At3g11440R2R3 MYB transcription
      factor
      TGMSTapetum PCD, transcriptional regulation[62]
      CER1At1g02205Acyl-CoA synthetaseHGMSPollen coat function[82]
      CER3At5g57800Acyl-CoA synthetaseHGMSPollen coat function[84]
      CER6/CUT1At1g68530Acyl-CoA synthetaseHGMSPollen coat function[89]
      CER8, LACS4At2g47240, At4g23850Acyl-CoA synthetaseHGMSPollen coat function[90]
      FKPAt4g118203-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A SynthaseHGMSPollen coat function[121]
      RiceUGP1Os09g0553200UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase1TGMSRNA processing[27]
      TMS5Os02g0214300RNase ZS1TGMSRNA processing[22]
      TMS10 -TMS10LOs02g0283800-LOC_Os03g49620LRR-RLKTGMSSignaling transduction[19]
      TMS9-1/OSMS1Os09g0449000PHD finger proteinTGMSProtein location and transcriptional regulation[63]
      AGO1dOs06g0729300Argonaute proteinTGMSPhasiRNAs production[53,54]
      HMS1-HMS1IOs03g0220100-Os01g01500003-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 6 very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductaseHGMSPollen coat function[32]
      OSOSC12 /OSPTS1Os08g0223900Bicyclic triterpene synthaseHGMSPollen coat function[81]
      OsCER1/ OsGL1-4Os02g0621300Acyl-CoA synthetaseHGMSPollen coat function[91]
      CSAOs01g0274800R2R3 MYB transcription
      factor
      rPGMSSugar distribution, transcriptional regulation[23,24]
      CSA2Os05g049060R2R3 MYB transcription
      factor
      PGMSSugar distribution, transcriptional regulation[26]
      PMS1AK242308lncRNAPGMSlncRNA regulation[29]
      P/TMS12-1 (PMS3)Os12g0545900lncRNA, smR5864P/TGMSlncRNA regulation and smRNA regulation[51,52]
      OsPDCD5AY327105Programmed cell death 5 proteinPGMSTapetum PCD[122]
      OSMYOXIBOs02g0816900
      Myosin XI BPGMSNutrition transport, protein location[123]
      OsNP1/OsTMS18Os10g0524500Glucose–methanol–choline oxidoreductaseTGMSPollen exine formation[97]
      ORMDL/tms2Os07g0452500OrosomucoidTGMSSphingolipid homeostasis,PCD[124]
      OsOATLOC_Os03g44150Ornithine δ-aminotransferaserTGMSCold tolerance[125]
      HSP60-3BLOC_Os10g32550Heat Shock Protein60-3BTGMSStarch granule biogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels[126]
      OsTMS15LOC_Os01g68870LRR-RLKTGMSTapetum development[44]
      OsAL5LOC_Os05g34640Alfin likeTGMSTMS5 expression[60]
      Maize
      TMS5LOC100285786RNase ZS1TGMSmRNA decay[127]
      DCL5LOC103643440Dicer-like 5TGMSPhasiRNAs production[56]
      MAGO1, MAGO2Zm00001d007786, Zm00001d013063MALE-ASSOCIATED ARGONAUTETGMSPre-meiotic phasiRNA pathways[55]
      INVAN6Zm00001d015094Alkaline/neutral invertaseTGMSSugar accumulation, metabolism, and signaling[128]
      Brassica
      napus
      BnChimeraBnRfbnaA7.mtHSP70-1-likerTGMSFatty acid synthesis[99]
      BarleyHvMS1LOC123121697PHD finger proteinrTGMSTranscriptional regulation[129]
      SoybeanMS3GLYMA_02G107600PHD finger proteinrPGMSTranscriptional regulation[64]
      EGMS, environment-sensitive genic male sterility; PGMS, photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility; rPGMS, reverse photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility; TGMS, thermo-sensitive genic male sterility; rTGMS, reverse thermo-sensitive genic male sterility; HGMS, humidity-sensitive genic male sterility.

      Table 1. 

      Genes involved in environmental adaption of plant male reproduction.