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Figure 1.
Production field planting with an example nonlodging gladiolus genotype (GL-1). Scale: bar = 6 cm.
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Figure 2.
Gladiolus cut flower stem lodging in the field production trials (GL-4), requiring staking or use of support mechanisms. Scale: bar = 6 cm.
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Figure 3.
Example cut tall (left) vs dwarf (right) glad stem lengths. Scale: bar = 14 cm.
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Figure 4.
Stage when 50% of the gladiolus flowers/stem (occurring on genotype GL-8 on day 9) are commercially classified as 'wilted' or 'dead' [24]. Scale: bar = 3 cm.
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Figure 5.
Example cut gladiolus stems (stage 2) at day 0, the beginning of the experiment, for all six replications of one genotype. Scale: bar = 3 cm.
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Figure 6.
Gladiolus stem post-stage when > 50% of the gladiolus flowers have wilted (GL-11 rep 1 on day 9). Scale: bar = 3 cm.
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Figure 7.
Set of six replicate gladiolus stems (GL-6 stems all reps) at the end of the experiment on day 9. Scale: bar = 3 cm.
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Figure 8.
Example of gladiolus flowers failing to open completely (GL-6 rep 2 stem on day 9). Note: This genotype often produced a secondary flowering shoot (left). Scale: bar = 3 cm.
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Genotype No. wks
to VBDNo. wks to flowering, termination Plant height
(cm)Plant width
(cm)No. of
leavesFlower petal type, flower color or petal markings Dwarf stature (< 90 cm) GL-1 10 13 ab, 15 80.0 b 23.0 8 Slightly ruffled, peach, white venation GL-2 12 15 b, 19 57.0 a 13.0 9 Hooded lt. pink/creamy white, yellow throat Tall stature (> 90 cm) GL-3 12 13 ab, 15 91.5c 44.0 6 Ruffled red w/white throat GL-4 10 12 a, 16 98.0 c 20.5 6 Fuchsia-red w/white streaked venation GL-5 11 12 a, 14 101.0 cd 26.5 6 Dark orange GL-6 11 13 ab, 16 115.0 d 36.0 8 Hooded cream w/yellow throat, red venation GL-7 11 13 ab, 14 111.0 d 22 8 Red GL-8 11 12 a, 16 93.0 c 25.0 8 Ruffled, red w/white throat GL-9 10 12 a, 14 112.0 d 60.0 8 Ruffled red w/yellow throat GL-10 10 14 ab, 16 117.2 de 16.5 8 Ruffled peach w/blotch (eye) GL-11 12 14 ab, 16 121.0 de 53.0 8 Ruffled orange w/white throat 'Beatrice' 11 13 ab, 17 104.5 cd 27.6 8 Ruffled pink picotee, white w/yellow throat 'Manhattan' 10 12 a, 17 100.5 cd 43.5 8 Red Significance 0.782 ns 0.034 *, 0.195 ns 0.001 *** 0.158 ns 0.166 ns Flowering termination week number was determined when > 50% of the flowers had senesced. Significance (p-values) were determined from univariate ANOVAs and mean separations derived from Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05. Table 1.
Hybrid gladioli of dwarf (< 90 cm) or tall stature (> 90 cm; Breck's Holland[25]) tested for field performance data (wk 22 planting dates), averaged over three years (2019, 2021, and 2022) grown under standard commercial field production trials in Rosemount, MN, USA for: number of weeks to visible bud date (VBD; VBD wk. no. – planting wk. no.), number of weeks to flowering (flowering wk. no. – planting wk. no.), number of weeks to termination of flowering (termination wk. no. – planting wk. no.), plant height (cm), plant width (cm), number of leaves, and flower petal type, flower color or petal markings.
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Genotype Inflorescence cut
stem length (cm)Total no. floret
buds/stemInflorescence internode
length (cm)Total no. (%) opened flowers DDW FLFP Pooled DDW FLFP Pooled Dwarf stature (< 90 cm) GL-1 43.5a 42.5a 7.7a 5.3ab 5.8a-c 5.1ab (66%) GL-2z 40.2a 37.0a 9.5a-c 4.2a 3.9a 2.89a (28%) Tall stature (> 90 cm) GL-3 91.5d 82.0d 17.8g 4.8a 5.0ab 12.2de (68%) GL-4 57.4b 64.8bc 10.1a-d 5.8a-c 6.3bd 6.2a-c (62%) GL-5x 65.8bc 56.8b 13.2e-f 4.5a 4.8a 2.8a (22%) GL-6 65.3bc 71.7c 11.9c-f 5.8a-c 5.7a-c 6.9a-c (59%) GL-7w 62.0b 73.3c 12.9d-f 4.9ab 5.6a-c 5.5ab (43%) GL-8 69.8bc 68.3bc 10.2a-e 6.5cd 7.1d 9.0cd (88%) GL-9w 60.0b 57.7b 9.0ab 6.9d 6.2bd 8.1b-d (90%) GL-10w 67.0bc 69.0bc 10.6a-e 6.5cd 6.3bd 10.0c-e (94%) GL-11y 76.0c 68.0bc 14.0f 5.4a-c 4.9ab 12.8e (91%) 'Beatrice' 73.5c 69.2bc 12.3c-f 5.9a-c 5.7a-c 7.2bc (58%) 'Manhattan' 61.8b 67.0bc 8.3ab 7.5d 8.4d 7.6bc (92%) Significancev Genotype (G) F = 17.31*** F = 13.26*** F = 8.29*** F = 6.48*** Treatment (T) F = 13.12*** F = 0.63ns F = 3.76* F = 1.33ns G × T F = 1.38ns F = 0.66ns F = 0.64ns F = 1.88* DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative or Pooled if treatments were not significantly different. There were n = 6 replications/treatment solution/genotype unless noted otherwise; mean separations within columns based on Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05. Table 2.
Mean inflorescence cut stem length (cm), total no. of floret buds/stem, inflorescence internode length (cm), total no. (%) opened flowers in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatment solutions applied as continuous vase solutions.
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Day 0
FWDay 9
FWΔFW Day 9
DW%
waterInflor. cut
stem lengthΣ no. flw
buds/stemInflor. internode
lengthΣ no.
open flwsΣ % open
flwsFloret
1 dia.Floret 3
dia.No. flws
senesced
/dayΣ no. flws
senescedNo. saleable
daysFinal pH ΔpH Sol'n vol/stem Day 0 FW 1.0 Day 9 FW 0.89** 1.0 ΔFW −0.21* 0.24** 1.0 Day 9 DW 0.91** 0.88** 0.09 1.0 % water −0.01 0.18* 0.26** −0.25** 1.0 Inflor. cut stem length 0.81** 0.8** 0.06 0.78** 0.03 1.0 Σ no. flw buds/stem 0.68** 0.64** −0.07 0.49** 0.24** 0.64** 1.0 Inflor. internode length −0.05 0.03 0.16 0.16 −0.24** 0.21* −0.58** 1.0 Σ no. open flws 0.58** 0.31** −0.43** 0.45** −0.34** 0.53** 0.39** 0.05 1.0 Σ % open flws 0.23* −0.01 −0.39** 0.21* −0.51** 0.27* −0.18* 0.46** 0.80** 1.0 Floret 1 dia. 0.39** 0.37** 0.12 0.49** −0.18 0.36** 0.01 0.36** 0.31** 0.32** 1.0 Floret 3 dia. 0.35** 0.34** 0.07 0.47** −0.18 0.39** 0.01 0.37** 0.34** 0.33** 0.88** 1.0 No. flws senesced/day −0.07 −0.11 −0.03 −0.04 −0.11 −0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.01 1.0 Σ no. flws senesced −0.03 −0.08 −0.01 0.01 −0.14 −0.01 0.02 −0.02 0.03 0.00 −0.01 −0.02 0.94** 1.0 No. saleable days −0.33** −0.02 0.46** −0.20* 0.29** −0.25** −0.34** 0.17 −0.62** −0.36** −0.19* −0.25** 0.01 0.03 1.0 Final pH 0.21 −0.02 −0.53** 0.08 −0.19 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.13 0.15 −0.05 0.02 0.04 −0.08 1.0 Δ pH −0.27 −0.17 0.21 −0.26 0.12 −0.01 0.03 −0.03 −0.13 −0.13 −0.11 −0.33 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.13 1.0 Sol'n vol/stem 0.75** 0.79** −0.22 0.86** −0.09 0.76** 0.46 0.38 0.33 0.24 0.35 0.15 −0.19 −0.23 0.10 0.22 0.19 1.0 DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative or Pooled if treatments were not significantly different. Table 3.
Correlation matrix for the postharvest cut flower traits examined in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatment solutions applied as continuous vase solutions.
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Genotype Day 0 stem FW (g) Day 9 stem FW (g) ΔFW (g) Day 9 DW (g) % Water Pooled DDW FLFP DDW FLFP DDW FLFP DDW FLFP Dwarf stature (< 90 cm) GL-1 15.8ab 13.9ab 14.6ab −2.8a-d −0.2b-d 1.9a 2.0a 75.8b 75.4b GL-2z 9.9a 8.7a 9.9a −3.2a-d 1.8cd 1.2a 0.9a 75.2b 82.2bc Tall stature (> 90 cm) GL-3y 54.9g 47.7g 50.1 −15.1a 3.0cd 5.0e-g 5.5fg 80.9bc 80.2bc GL-4 21.9a-c 17.7a-c 27.3b-e −1.6b-d 2.8cd 2.5ab 3.4a-d 75.6b 77.8bc GL-5x 24.3a-d 30.1c-e 25.6b-e 1.3cd 5.6d 2.3ab 1.2a 85.8c 90.9cd GL-6 38.4d-f 30.6c-e 46.9g −5.9ab 6.7d 3.7b-e 4.5c-g 78.6bc 82.4bc GL-7w 44.4e-g 37.4d-f 53.6g −6.2a 8.2d 5.1e-g 5.9g 76.0bc 80.2bc GL-8 22.2a-c 29.4b-e 42.2e-g −12.4a 9.5d 4.4c-g 5.1e-g 74.1b 78.7c GL-9w 27.4b-d 16.3a-c 19.1a-c −11.4a −7.9a 3.2a-d 3.8b-e 66.7a 67.2a GL-10w 29.6b-e 24.1a-d 31.1c-e −1.6b-d −2.2b-d 3.3a-d 4.2b-g 76.1bc 76.0bc GL-11y 34.2c-f 27.2b-e 31.4c-e −6.6a 3.8cd 4.3c-g 3.7b-e 72.8ab 71.1ab 'Beatrice' 46.9fg 42.5e-g 54.5g −2.2a-d 5.3d 5.1e-g 5.8g 78.7c 80.7bc 'Manhattan' 30.8b-e 25.4b-e 31.3c-e −3.2a-d −1.6b-d 3.1a-d 3.7b-e 78.0c 78.6c Significancev Genotype (G) F = 15.54*** F = 20.99*** F = 5.45*** F = 14.39*** F = 21.80*** Treatment (T) F = 0.52ns F = 22.42*** F = 125.45*** F = 43.82*** F = 19.69*** G × T F = 1.45ns F = 1.48ns F = 4.99*** F = 1.47ns F = 1.54ns DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative or Pooled if treatments were not significantly different.
There were n = 6 replications/treatment solution/genotype unless noted otherwise; mean separations within columns based on Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05.Table 4.
Mean day 0 stem fresh weight (FW; g), day 9 stem FW (g), ΔFW (g; day 9 FW – day 0 FW), day 9 dry weight (DW; g), % water in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatments applied as continuous vase solutions.
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Genotype 1st Flower diameter (cm) 3rd Flower diameter (cm) Final pH (ΔpH) Sol'n vol./stem (ml) DDW FLFP DDW FLFP DDW FLFP DDW FLFP Dwarf stature (< 90 cm) GL-1 5.5a-d 6.5d-g 4.8a 5.4a-d 4.9 (3.4) 3.5 (0.6) 1.7 3.3 GL-2z 5.0a-d 5.0a-d 4.2a 6.2b-e 4.9 (3.4) 4.2 (−0.09) 5 3.2 Tall stature (> 90 cm) GL-3y 7.5g 7.2fg 6.2b-e 5.6a-d 4.9 (3.5) 4.2 (−0.1) 35 35 GL-4 5.0a-d 4.8ab 5.1a-c 4.7a 5.3 (3.1) 4.1 (−0.04) 16.8 16.7 GL-5x 5.8b-e 6.0c-f 5.2a-c 5.3a-d 4.2 (4.2) 4.1 (−0.02) 28 20 GL-6 4.1a 4.6ab 3.9a 4.1a 4.9 (3.5) 4.2 (−0.1) 21.7 21.7 GL-7w 7.5g 5.0a-d 5.5a-d 5.5a-d 4.9 (3.4) 4.8 (−0.7) 20 30 GL-8 7.5g 7.2fg 6.8de 6.3b-e 5.1 (3.3) 4.1 (−0.1) 30 25 GL-9w 7.8g 6.8e-g 6.3b-e 5.8a-d 5.1 (3.3) 4.2 (−0.1) 6.7 5 GL-10w 7.2fg 7.7g 6.1b-e 7.3e 5.0 (3.4) 4.2 (−0.1) 6.7 10.3 GL-11y 7.0fg 6.5d-g 6.2b-e 6.0b-e 5.2 (3.2) 4.1 (−0.05) 30 30 'Beatrice' 6.8e-g 7.8g 6.1b-e 7.8e 4.4 (3.9) 4.5 (−0.4) 60 50.8 'Manhattan' 7.0fg 8.1g 6.0b-e 7.0e 5.2 (3.2) 4.1 (−0.05) 60 60 Genotypes Pooled 4.92 (3.45)b 4.24 (−0.1)a 24.7ab 23.9a Significancev Genotype (G) F = 15.51*** F = 8.19*** F = 0.22ns F = 1.10ns Treatment (T) F = 20.59*** F = 14.66*** F = 13.87*** F = 1.91* G × T F = 2.27** F = 2.51** F = 0.91ns F = 0.96ns z n = 4 reps. y n = 2 reps. x n = 5 reps. w n = 3 reps. v *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ns not significant.
DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative or Pooled if treatments were not significantly different.
There were n = 6 replications/treatment solution/genotype unless noted otherwise; mean separations within columns based on Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05.Table 5.
Mean 1st flower diameter (cm), 3rd flower diameter (cm), final pH, ΔpH, solution volume used per stem (ml) in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatment solutions applied as continuous vase solutions.
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Genotype No. of
flowers
senesced/day
(days 1−9)Total no.
of flowers
senesced
in days 1−9No. of
saleable daysPooled Pooled DDW FLFP Dwarf stature (<90 cm) GL-1 0.35ab 3.05ab 8.0e 8.0e GL-2z 0.15a 1.10a 7.5b-e 8.0e Tall stature (>90 cm) GL-3y 0.25a 2.25ab 5.5a 7.0b-e GL-4 0.50b 4.65b 7.7c-e 7.5b-e GL-5x 0.10a 0.85a 7.0b-e 8.0e GL-6 0.45ab 3.85ab 7.8c-e 8.0e GL-7w 0.10a 1.10a 6.0a 8.0e GL-8 0.60b 6.80b 6.7bc 7.8c-e GL-9w 0.35ab 3.15ab 7.0b-e 6.0a GL-10w 0.40ab 3.2ab 6.7bc 6.7bc GL-11y 0.25a 2.25a 3.0a 4.5a 'Beatrice' 0.35ab 2.95a 7.8c-e 8.0e 'Manhattan' 0.50b 4.5b 8.0e 7.3b-e Significancev Genotype (G) F = 2.446** F = 1.98* F = 9.98*** Treatment (T) F = 0.55ns F = 0.69ns F = 4.47** G × T F = 0.69ns F = 0.73ns F = 1.69* z n = 4 reps. y n = 2 reps. x n = 5 reps. w n = 3 reps. v *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ns not significant.
DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative or Pooled if treatments were not significantly different.
There were n = 6 replications/treatment solution/genotype unless noted otherwise; mean separations within columns based on Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD) test at α = 0.05.Table 6.
Mean number of flowers senesced/day in days 1−9, total number of flowers sensed in days 1-9, and number of saleable days (when the 5th floret from the base wilted) in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatment solutions applied as continuous vase solutions.
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Genotype Treatment Mean no. of flowers senesced/day/genotype χ2 (sig.) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Dwarf stature (< 90 cm) GL-1 DDW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.17 0.67 0.50 0.83 0.3 3.82nsz FLFP 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.17 0.50 0.67 1.00 0.4 3.07ns GL-2 DDW 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.33 0.17 0.33 0.17 0.33 0.2 5.92ns FLFP 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.17 0.1 7.51ns Tall stature (> 90 cm) GL-3 DDW 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.17 0.33 0.30 4.51ns FLFP 0.17 0.33 0.17 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.17 0.33 0.20 4.90ns GL-4 DDW 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.83 1.00 0.83 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.50ns FLFP 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.67 0.67 0.83 0.67 1.00 0.50 1.77ns GL-5 DDW 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.10 6.90ns FLFP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.10 7.51ns GL-6 DDW 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.33 0.83 0.83 0.67 1.00 0.50 1.79ns FLFP 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.33 0.67 0.50 0.50 0.67 0.40 3.28ns GL-7 DDW 0.17 0.17 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.17 0.20 4.90ns FLFP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00ns GL-8 DDW 0.83 0.50 0.83 0.67 1.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.43ns FLFP 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.08ns GL-9 DDW 0.00 0.50 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.50 0.30 3.61ns FLFP 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.40 3.10ns GL-10 DDW 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 3.28ns FLFP 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 3.28ns GL-11 DDW 0.00 0.33 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.20 6.17ns FLFP 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.30 3.85ns 'Beatrice' DDW 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.83 0.50 0.50 0.67 0.40 3.28ns FLFP 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.17 0.17 0.00 1.33 0.30 4.04ns 'Manhattan' DDW 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.50 0.83 0.17 0.83 0.83 0.40 2.53ns FLFP 0.00 0.17 0.67 0.67 0.83 0.83 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.16ns z ns not significantly different from the null hypothesis that the number of flowers senesced/day do not differ.
DDW = deionized, distilled water; FLFP = Floral Life floral preservative.Table 7.
Frequencies and Chi-square (χ2) tests for equal distribution (1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1; df = 8; χ2 = 15.507) of the mean number of flowers senesced/day/genotype in days 1−9 and the total number of flowers sensed over the postharvest experiment period (days 1−9) in dwarf and tall stature gladiolus genotypes tested with two treatment solutions applied as continuous vase solutions.
Figures
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Tables
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