Establishment of <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. calluses and cell suspension culture, and the effect of plant growth regulators on total flavonoid content

Yutong Xuan; Shengcai Liu; Liyang Xie; Junfei Pan; Yutong Xuan; Shengcai Liu; Liyang Xie; Junfei Pan

doi:10.48130/TP-2023-0015

Figures (5) Tables (2)

Figure 1.
Callus culture of Amaranthus L. (a) PI 277269 hypocotyl in MS + BAP media could not promote callus formation. (b) PI 277269 hypocotyl in MS 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D media could promote callus formation until 60 d. (c) PI 277269 hypocotyl in MS + 3.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D could promote callus formation and growth in 20 d. (d) Ames 2141 hypocotyl in MS + 3.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D could induce callus, but these calli began to brown in a short time. (e), (f) The callus proliferation of PI 277269 in MS + 6.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D medium for 3 years. (g) The suspension cells of PI 277269 in MS + 6.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D medium for 16 d. Microscopic observation of (h) callus and (i) suspension cells.
Figure 2.
The effect of different concentrations of cytokinins and auxins on the proliferation of amaranth callus. Upper case letters indicate p < 0.01, lower case letters indicate p < 0.05. The same letter indicates no significant difference.
Figure 3.
Growth curve of callus of Amaranthus tricolor L.
Figure 4.
The effect of different concentrations of cytokinin on total flavonoid content and yield in amaranth callus. Upper case letters indicate p < 0.01, lower case letters indicate p < 0.05. The same letter indicates no significant difference.
Figure 5.
The effect of different concentrations of auxin on total flavonoid content and yield in amaranth callus. Upper case letters indicate p < 0.01, lower case letters indicate p < 0.05. The same letter indicates no significant difference.

Plant ID	Plant name	Taxonomy	Induction rate (%)	Origin
PI 606282	Lal Shak	Amaranthus blitum subsp. Oleraceus	89.17 ± 1.91 a	Bangladesh
PI 572261	AMA57/81	Amaranthus powellii subsp. Bouchoni	50.57 ± 3.95 c	Germany
PI 277269	Lal Sag	Amaranthus tricolor	90.67 ± 1.55 a	India
Ames 18049	Ramdana	Amaranthus tricolor	78.63 ± 0.49 b	Nepal
PI 604669	White leaf	Amaranthus tricolor	87.27 ± 1.07 a	China, Taiwan
Ames 5110	RRC321	Amaranthus tricolor	95.03 ± 2.25 a	West Africa
Ames 5134	Tampala	Amaranthus tricolor	67.07 ± 1.46 bc	United States, Pennsylvania
Ames 5311	Fota Kira	Amaranthus tricolor	87.53 ± 1.27 a	India
Ames 15328	RRC359	Amaranthus tricolor	69.37 ± 2.67 b	United States
PI 527321	BAILIUYEXIAN	Amaranthus tricolor	77.9 ± 4.36 b	China
PI 607446	Crystal	Amaranthus tricolor	94.67 ± 4.03 a	Thailand
Ames 2141	RRC228	Amaranthus tricolor	70.8 ± 2.62 b	India, Tamil Nadu
Means ± STD followed with the same letters are not significantly different using DMRT at α = 0.05.

Table 1.

Effects of genotype on induction of callus in Amaranthus spp.

Hormones	Callus color	Compaction	Induction rate (%)	Induction time (d)
1.5 mg·L⁻¹ BAP	−	−	0 c	−
0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D	Red	−	72.33 ± 5.17 b	60
1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D	Red	−	66.97 ± 1.40 b	60
3.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ NAA	Red and yellow	Loose	93.7 ± 0.72 a	20
3.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP + 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-D	White	Compact	92.67 ± 2.41 a	20
Means ± STD followed with the same letters are not significantly different using DMRT at α = 0.05.

Table 2.

Effects of hormones on callus induction in Amaranth 'PI 277269'.