Figures (1)  Tables (1)
    • Figure 1. 

      Regulatory networks involved in grain weight in wheat. Several genes involved in transcriptional regulatory factors, post-translation modification factors, the G-protein signaling pathway, and phytohormone signalings participate in wheat grain weight regulation. Broken lines indicate inhibitory regulation. Arrowheads represent positive regulation. Elliptical overlaps represent interactions.

    • Protein nameGene IDProtein categoryPositive(+)/negative(−)
      regulator
      Elite haplotype for
      high grain weight
      Reference
      Starch synthesis-related genes reported to be involved in wheat grain weight
      TaCwi-A1TraesCS2A03G0736600Cell wall invertase+TaCwi-A1a[3]
      TaCWI-5DTraesCS5D03G1216700Cell wall invertase+Hap-5D-C[4]
      TaSUT1-ATraesCS4A03G0027400Sucrose transporters+TaSUT1 in Kauz[5]
      TaSUT1-BTraesCS4B03G0758500Sucrose transporters+TaSUT1 in Kauz[5]
      TaSUT1-DTraesCS4D03G0679400Sucrose transporters+TaSUT1 in Kauz[5]
      TaSus1-ATraesCS7A03G0375000Sucrose synthase+TaSus1-7A-Hap-1[6, 7]
      TaSus1-BTraesCS7B03G0171900Sucrose synthase+TaSus1-7B-Hap-T[6, 7]
      TaSus1-DTraesCS7D03G0358200Sucrose synthase+[6, 7]
      TaSus2-ATraesCS2A03G0349200Sucrose synthase+TaSus2-2A-Hap-A[6, 8]
      TaSus2-BTraesCS2B03G0468900Sucrose synthase+TaSus2-2B-Hap-H[6, 8]
      TaSus2-DTraesCS2D03G0366700Sucrose synthase+[6, 8]
      TaBT1-ATraesCS6A03G0433200Sucrose transporter+[9]
      TaBT1-BTraesCS6B03G0559700Sucrose transporter+Hap1 and Hap2[9]
      TaBT1-DTraesCS6D03G0376900Sucrose transporter+[9]
      TaAGPL1-BTraesCS1B03G1206000Large subunit gene of the AGPase+TaAGP-L-1B-Hap-I[10, 11]
      TaAGPS-1TraesCS7A03G0682600Small subunit gene of the AGPase+TaAGP-S1-7A-Hap-I[10]
      TaSBEIII-ATraesCS7A03G0826800Starch-branching enzyme+Allele-T[12]
      TaSSIV-ATraesCS1A03G0866200Starch synthases+Hap-2-1A[13, 14]
      TaSSIV-BTraesCS1B03G1004700Starch synthases+Hap-3-1B[13, 14]
      TaSSIV-DTraesCS1D03G0838700Starch synthases+[13, 14]
      GWD-ATraesCS6A03G0662800Glucan, water dikinase[15]
      GWD-BTraesCS6B03G0813900Glucan, water dikinase[15]
      GWD-DTraesCS6D03G0552200Glucan, water dikinase[15]
      Transcriptional regulatory factors
      TaNAC019-ATraesCS3A03G0172000NAC transcription factor+[16]
      TaNAC019-BTraesCS3B03G0216600NAC transcription factor+TaNAC019-BI[16]
      TaNAC019-DTraesCS3D03G0154500NAC transcription factor+[16]
      TaNAC100-ATraesCS2A03G0808100NAC transcription factor+TaNAC100-2A-H1[17]
      TaNAC100-BTraesCS2B03G0891700NAC transcription factor+[17]
      TaNAC100-DTraesCS2D03G0746900NAC transcription factor+[17]
      TaPGS1TraesCS1D03G0219000bHLH transcription factor+[18]
      TaPGS1TraesCS1D03G0219700bHLH transcription factor+[18]
      TaFI3TraesCS3A03G1169900PLATZ transcription factor+[18]
      TaGSNETraesCS5B03G0668000WRKY transcription factor+TaGSNE-Hap-2[19]
      TaHDZ-A34TraesCS7A03G0760400HD-Zip transcription factor+Hap-ABD[20]
      TaHDZ-B34TraesCS7B03G0590000HD-Zip transcription factor+Hap-ABD[20]
      TaHDZ-D34TraesCS7D03G0729900HD-Zip transcription factor+Hap-ABD[20]
      TaGW8-B1TraesCS7B03G0430500SPL transcription factor+ TaGW8-B1a[21]
      TaSPL14-ATraesCS5A03G0658100SPL transcription factor+[22]
      TaSPL14-BTraesCS5B03G0692900SPL transcription factor+[22]
      TaSPL14-DTraesCS5D03G0627900SPL transcription factor+[22]
      TaSPL14-7ATraesCS7A03G0567100SPL transcription factor+TaSPL14-7A-Hap1/2[23]
      TaSPL14-7BTraesCS7B03G0393600SPL transcription factor+[23]
      TaSPL14-7DTraesCS7D03G0548900SPL transcription factor+[23]
      Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)
      Ubiquitin–proteasome pathway
      TaGW2-6ATraesCS6A03G0480200RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligaseHap-A[24, 25]
      TaGW2-6BTraesCS6B03G0578500RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligaseTaGW2-B-HapI/II[24, 25]
      TaGW2-6DTraesCS6D03G0404800RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase[24, 25]
      TaDA1-ATraesCSU03G0004100LCUbiquitin receptorTaDA1-A-HapI[26]
      TaDA1-BTraesCS2B03G0048000Ubiquitin receptor[26]
      TaDA1-DTraesCS2D03G0031900Ubiquitin receptor[26]
      TaSDIR1-4ATraesCS4A03G0197400RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligaseTaSDIR1-4A-2[27]
      TaPUB1-ATraesCS5A03G1197700U-box E3 ligase+[28]
      TaPUB1-BTraesCS4B03G0885300U-box E3 ligase+[28]
      TaPUB1-DTraesCS4D03G0783100U-box E3 ligase+[28]
      ZnF-ATraesCS4A03G0701600RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase+[29]
      ZnF-BTraesCS4B03G0092600RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase+[29]
      ZnF-DTraesCS4D03G0066800RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase+[29]
      SnRK and phosphatase pathways
      TaSnRK2.3-ATraesCS1A03G0569000Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinaseHap-1A-1[30]
      TaSnRK2.3-BTraesCS1B03G0660500Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinaseHap-1B-1[30]
      TaSnRK2.9-ATraesCS5A03G0177100Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase Hap-5A-1/2[31]
      TaSnRK2.9-BTraesCS5B03G0188000Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase[31]
      TaSnRK2.9-DTraesCS5D03G0195600Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase[31]
      TaSnRK2.10-ATraesCS4A03G0621500Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinaseHap-4A-H[32]
      TaSnRK2.10-BTraesCS4B03G0179500Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase[32]
      TaSnRK2.10-DTraesCS4D03G0149100Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase[32]
      TaPSTOLTraesCS5A03G0115500LCPhosphate Starvation Tolerance 1+[33]
      TaGL3-5ATraesCS5A03G0897900PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+TaGL3-5A-G[1]
      TaGL3-5BTraesCS5B03G0943200PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+[1]
      TaGL3-5DTraesCS5D03G0859400PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+[1]
      TaGL3.3-ATraesCS5A03G0073900PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+[34]
      TaGL3.3-BTraesCS5B03G0068000PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+TaGL3.3-5B-C[34]
      TaGL3.3-DTraesCS5D03G0098300PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase+[34]
      TaTPP-7ATraesCS7A03G0422300Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase+TaTPP-7A-HapI[35]
      TaTPP-7BTraesCS7B03G0228800Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase+[35]
      TaTPP-7DTraesCS7D03G0410500Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase+[35]
      Asparagine N-glycosylation pathway
      TaSTT3b-2ATraesCS2A03G1282700Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase+[36]
      TaSTT3b-2BTraesCS2B03G1473200Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase+[36]
      TaSTT3b-2DTraesCS2D03G1245300Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase+[36]
      G-protein signaling pathway
      TaGS3-4ATraesCS4A03G1194500Gγ subunit[37, 38]
      TaGS3-7ATraesCS7A03G0037700Gγ subunit[37, 38]
      TaGS3-7DTraesCS7D03G0033100Gγ subunit[37, 38]
      TaDEP1-ATraesCS5A03G0545300Gγ subunit+TaDEP1-Hap1[39]
      TaDEP1-BTraesCS5B03G0555000Gγ subunit+[39]
      TaDEP1-DTraesCS5D03G0509000Gγ subunit+[39]
      Phytohormone signalings
      CK
      TaCKX2TraesCS3A03G0298200Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes+TaCKX2A-2[40]
      TaCKX4TraesCS3A03G1128900Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes+TaCKX4A-2[40]
      TaCKX5TraesCS3A03G0763900Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes+TaCKX5A-3[40]
      TaCKX9TraesCS1A03G0609600Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes+TaCKX9A-2[40]
      TaCKX6a02TraesCS3D03G0306000Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes+TaCKX6a02-D1a[41]
      TaCKX6-D1TraesCS3D03G0305400Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymesTaCKX6-D1-a[42]
      GA
      TaGASR7-ATraesCS7A03G0485700Gibberellin-regulated proteinH1c[43, 44]
      TaGASR7-BTraesCS7B02G115300Gibberellin-regulated protein[43, 44]
      TaGASR7-DTraesCS7D02G210500Gibberellin-regulated protein[43, 44]
      Auxin
      TaTGW-7ATraesCS7A03G0542800Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway+TaTGW-7Aa[45]
      TaTGW-7BTraesCS7B03G0358400Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway+[45]
      TaTGW-7DTraesCS7D03G0520200Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway+[45]
      TaTGW6TraesCS7D03G0173900IAA–glucose (IAA-Glc) hydrolase activity+[46]
      TaIAA21-ATraesCS7A03G0816300Auxin/indole acetic acid repressorHap2, Hap3, Hap5
      TaIAA21-BTraesCS7B03G0674700Auxin/indole acetic acid repressor
      TaIAA21-DTraesCS7D03G0801000Auxin/indole acetic acid repressor
      TaARF25-ATraesCS5A03G0098100Auxin response factor (ARF) protein+
      TaARF25-BTraesCS5B03G0104300Auxin response factor (ARF) protein+
      TaARF25-DTraesCS5D03G0114800Auxin response factor (ARF) protein+
      BR
      TaD11-2ATraesCS2A03G0818100BR biosynthesis enzymes+TaD11-2A-HapI[47]
      TaD11-2BTraesCS2B03G0904700BR biosynthesis enzymes+[47]
      TaD11-2DTraesCS2D03G0759600BR biosynthesis enzymes+[47]
      Tasg-D1TraesCS3D03G0288900STKc_GSK3 Kinase[48]
      ABA
      TaPYL1-1ATraesCS1A03G0514200Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL+[49]
      TaPYL1-1BTraesCS1B03G0603200Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL+TaPYL1-1BIn-442[49]
      TaPYL1-1DTraesCS1D03G0499200Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL+[49]
      TaMYB70-ATraesCS5A03G0432900MYB transcription factor+[49]
      TaMYB70-BTraesCS5B03G0428700MYB transcription factor+[49]
      TaMYB70-DTraesCS5D03G0401500MYB transcription factor+[49]
      TaABI5-ATraesCS3A03G0880400Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor[28]
      TaABI5-BTraesCS3B03G1006600Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor[28]
      TaABI5-DTraesCS3D03G0808000Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor[28]
      JA
      KAT-2BTraesCS6B03G1211100Keto-acyl thiolase 2B+[50]
      TaPAP6-ATraesCS2A03G0298800Fibrillin family member+[51]
      TaPAP6-BTraesCS2B03G0419200Fibrillin family member+[51]
      TaPAP6-DTraesCS2D03G0317100Fibrillin family member+[51]
      TaGL1-B1TraesCS1B03G0239600Carotenoid isomerase gene+TaGL1-B1b[51]
      Other regulators
      TaCYP78A3-ATraesCS7A03G0630800Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein+[52]
      TaCYP78A3-BTraesCS7B03G0455800Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein+[52]
      TaCYP78A3-DTraesCS7D03G0611800Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein+[52]
      TaGW7-ATraesCS2A03G0367000TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) proteinH1a[53]
      TaGW7-BTraesCS2B03G0488200TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) proteinH1b[53]
      TaGW7-DTraesCS2D03G0384600TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) proteinH1d[53]
      TaFlo2-A1TraesCS2A03G1201700FLOURY ENDOSPERM2 (Flo2) gene+TaFlo2-A1b[54, 55]
      TaGS5-3ATraesCS3A03G0396700LCSerine carboxypeptidases+TaGS5-3A-T[56]
      TaMGD-ATraesCS6A03G0937800Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol+[57]
      TaMGD-BTraesCS6B03G1143600Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol+[57]
      TaMGD-DTraesCS6D03G0814200Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol+[57]

      Table 1. 

      Genes involved in wheat grain weight regulation.