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Figure 1.
Regulatory networks involved in grain weight in wheat. Several genes involved in transcriptional regulatory factors, post-translation modification factors, the G-protein signaling pathway, and phytohormone signalings participate in wheat grain weight regulation. Broken lines indicate inhibitory regulation. Arrowheads represent positive regulation. Elliptical overlaps represent interactions.
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Protein name Gene ID Protein category Positive(+)/negative(−)
regulatorElite haplotype for
high grain weightReference Starch synthesis-related genes reported to be involved in wheat grain weight TaCwi-A1 TraesCS2A03G0736600 Cell wall invertase + TaCwi-A1a [3] TaCWI-5D TraesCS5D03G1216700 Cell wall invertase + Hap-5D-C [4] TaSUT1-A TraesCS4A03G0027400 Sucrose transporters + TaSUT1 in Kauz [5] TaSUT1-B TraesCS4B03G0758500 Sucrose transporters + TaSUT1 in Kauz [5] TaSUT1-D TraesCS4D03G0679400 Sucrose transporters + TaSUT1 in Kauz [5] TaSus1-A TraesCS7A03G0375000 Sucrose synthase + TaSus1-7A-Hap-1 [6, 7] TaSus1-B TraesCS7B03G0171900 Sucrose synthase + TaSus1-7B-Hap-T [6, 7] TaSus1-D TraesCS7D03G0358200 Sucrose synthase + − [6, 7] TaSus2-A TraesCS2A03G0349200 Sucrose synthase + TaSus2-2A-Hap-A [6, 8] TaSus2-B TraesCS2B03G0468900 Sucrose synthase + TaSus2-2B-Hap-H [6, 8] TaSus2-D TraesCS2D03G0366700 Sucrose synthase + − [6, 8] TaBT1-A TraesCS6A03G0433200 Sucrose transporter + − [9] TaBT1-B TraesCS6B03G0559700 Sucrose transporter + Hap1 and Hap2 [9] TaBT1-D TraesCS6D03G0376900 Sucrose transporter + − [9] TaAGPL1-B TraesCS1B03G1206000 Large subunit gene of the AGPase + TaAGP-L-1B-Hap-I [10, 11] TaAGPS-1 TraesCS7A03G0682600 Small subunit gene of the AGPase + TaAGP-S1-7A-Hap-I [10] TaSBEIII-A TraesCS7A03G0826800 Starch-branching enzyme + Allele-T [12] TaSSIV-A TraesCS1A03G0866200 Starch synthases + Hap-2-1A [13, 14] TaSSIV-B TraesCS1B03G1004700 Starch synthases + Hap-3-1B [13, 14] TaSSIV-D TraesCS1D03G0838700 Starch synthases + − [13, 14] GWD-A TraesCS6A03G0662800 Glucan, water dikinase − − [15] GWD-B TraesCS6B03G0813900 Glucan, water dikinase − − [15] GWD-D TraesCS6D03G0552200 Glucan, water dikinase − − [15] Transcriptional regulatory factors TaNAC019-A TraesCS3A03G0172000 NAC transcription factor + − [16] TaNAC019-B TraesCS3B03G0216600 NAC transcription factor + TaNAC019-BI [16] TaNAC019-D TraesCS3D03G0154500 NAC transcription factor + − [16] TaNAC100-A TraesCS2A03G0808100 NAC transcription factor + TaNAC100-2A-H1 [17] TaNAC100-B TraesCS2B03G0891700 NAC transcription factor + − [17] TaNAC100-D TraesCS2D03G0746900 NAC transcription factor + − [17] TaPGS1 TraesCS1D03G0219000 bHLH transcription factor + − [18] TaPGS1 TraesCS1D03G0219700 bHLH transcription factor + − [18] TaFI3 TraesCS3A03G1169900 PLATZ transcription factor + − [18] TaGSNE TraesCS5B03G0668000 WRKY transcription factor + TaGSNE-Hap-2 [19] TaHDZ-A34 TraesCS7A03G0760400 HD-Zip transcription factor + Hap-ABD [20] TaHDZ-B34 TraesCS7B03G0590000 HD-Zip transcription factor + Hap-ABD [20] TaHDZ-D34 TraesCS7D03G0729900 HD-Zip transcription factor + Hap-ABD [20] TaGW8-B1 TraesCS7B03G0430500 SPL transcription factor + TaGW8-B1a [21] TaSPL14-A TraesCS5A03G0658100 SPL transcription factor + − [22] TaSPL14-B TraesCS5B03G0692900 SPL transcription factor + − [22] TaSPL14-D TraesCS5D03G0627900 SPL transcription factor + − [22] TaSPL14-7A TraesCS7A03G0567100 SPL transcription factor + TaSPL14-7A-Hap1/2 [23] TaSPL14-7B TraesCS7B03G0393600 SPL transcription factor + − [23] TaSPL14-7D TraesCS7D03G0548900 SPL transcription factor + − [23] Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)
Ubiquitin–proteasome pathwayTaGW2-6A TraesCS6A03G0480200 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase − Hap-A [24, 25] TaGW2-6B TraesCS6B03G0578500 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase − TaGW2-B-HapI/II [24, 25] TaGW2-6D TraesCS6D03G0404800 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase − − [24, 25] TaDA1-A TraesCSU03G0004100LC Ubiquitin receptor − TaDA1-A-HapI [26] TaDA1-B TraesCS2B03G0048000 Ubiquitin receptor − − [26] TaDA1-D TraesCS2D03G0031900 Ubiquitin receptor − − [26] TaSDIR1-4A TraesCS4A03G0197400 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase − TaSDIR1-4A-2 [27] TaPUB1-A TraesCS5A03G1197700 U-box E3 ligase + − [28] TaPUB1-B TraesCS4B03G0885300 U-box E3 ligase + − [28] TaPUB1-D TraesCS4D03G0783100 U-box E3 ligase + − [28] ZnF-A TraesCS4A03G0701600 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase + − [29] ZnF-B TraesCS4B03G0092600 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase + − [29] ZnF-D TraesCS4D03G0066800 RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase + − [29] SnRK and phosphatase pathways TaSnRK2.3-A TraesCS1A03G0569000 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase Hap-1A-1 [30] TaSnRK2.3-B TraesCS1B03G0660500 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase Hap-1B-1 [30] TaSnRK2.9-A TraesCS5A03G0177100 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase Hap-5A-1/2 [31] TaSnRK2.9-B TraesCS5B03G0188000 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase − [31] TaSnRK2.9-D TraesCS5D03G0195600 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase − [31] TaSnRK2.10-A TraesCS4A03G0621500 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase Hap-4A-H [32] TaSnRK2.10-B TraesCS4B03G0179500 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase − [32] TaSnRK2.10-D TraesCS4D03G0149100 Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase − [32] TaPSTOL TraesCS5A03G0115500LC Phosphate Starvation Tolerance 1 + − [33] TaGL3-5A TraesCS5A03G0897900 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + TaGL3-5A-G [1] TaGL3-5B TraesCS5B03G0943200 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + − [1] TaGL3-5D TraesCS5D03G0859400 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + − [1] TaGL3.3-A TraesCS5A03G0073900 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + − [34] TaGL3.3-B TraesCS5B03G0068000 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + TaGL3.3-5B-C [34] TaGL3.3-D TraesCS5D03G0098300 PPKL family—Ser/Thr phosphatase + − [34] TaTPP-7A TraesCS7A03G0422300 Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase + TaTPP-7A-HapI [35] TaTPP-7B TraesCS7B03G0228800 Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase + − [35] TaTPP-7D TraesCS7D03G0410500 Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase + − [35] Asparagine N-glycosylation pathway TaSTT3b-2A TraesCS2A03G1282700 Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase + − [36] TaSTT3b-2B TraesCS2B03G1473200 Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase + − [36] TaSTT3b-2D TraesCS2D03G1245300 Catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase + − [36] G-protein signaling pathway TaGS3-4A TraesCS4A03G1194500 Gγ subunit − [37, 38] TaGS3-7A TraesCS7A03G0037700 Gγ subunit − [37, 38] TaGS3-7D TraesCS7D03G0033100 Gγ subunit − [37, 38] TaDEP1-A TraesCS5A03G0545300 Gγ subunit + TaDEP1-Hap1 [39] TaDEP1-B TraesCS5B03G0555000 Gγ subunit + − [39] TaDEP1-D TraesCS5D03G0509000 Gγ subunit + − [39] Phytohormone signalings CK TaCKX2 TraesCS3A03G0298200 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes + TaCKX2A-2 [40] TaCKX4 TraesCS3A03G1128900 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes + TaCKX4A-2 [40] TaCKX5 TraesCS3A03G0763900 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes + TaCKX5A-3 [40] TaCKX9 TraesCS1A03G0609600 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes + TaCKX9A-2 [40] TaCKX6a02 TraesCS3D03G0306000 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes + TaCKX6a02-D1a [41] TaCKX6-D1 TraesCS3D03G0305400 Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes − TaCKX6-D1-a [42] GA TaGASR7-A TraesCS7A03G0485700 Gibberellin-regulated protein − H1c [43, 44] TaGASR7-B TraesCS7B02G115300 Gibberellin-regulated protein − − [43, 44] TaGASR7-D TraesCS7D02G210500 Gibberellin-regulated protein − − [43, 44] Auxin TaTGW-7A TraesCS7A03G0542800 Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway + TaTGW-7Aa [45] TaTGW-7B TraesCS7B03G0358400 Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway + − [45] TaTGW-7D TraesCS7D03G0520200 Involved in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway + − [45] TaTGW6 TraesCS7D03G0173900 IAA–glucose (IAA-Glc) hydrolase activity + − [46] TaIAA21-A TraesCS7A03G0816300 Auxin/indole acetic acid repressor − Hap2, Hap3, Hap5 TaIAA21-B TraesCS7B03G0674700 Auxin/indole acetic acid repressor − − TaIAA21-D TraesCS7D03G0801000 Auxin/indole acetic acid repressor − − TaARF25-A TraesCS5A03G0098100 Auxin response factor (ARF) protein + TaARF25-B TraesCS5B03G0104300 Auxin response factor (ARF) protein + TaARF25-D TraesCS5D03G0114800 Auxin response factor (ARF) protein + BR TaD11-2A TraesCS2A03G0818100 BR biosynthesis enzymes + TaD11-2A-HapI [47] TaD11-2B TraesCS2B03G0904700 BR biosynthesis enzymes + − [47] TaD11-2D TraesCS2D03G0759600 BR biosynthesis enzymes + − [47] Tasg-D1 TraesCS3D03G0288900 STKc_GSK3 Kinase − − [48] ABA TaPYL1-1A TraesCS1A03G0514200 Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL + − [49] TaPYL1-1B TraesCS1B03G0603200 Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL + TaPYL1-1BIn-442 [49] TaPYL1-1D TraesCS1D03G0499200 Abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL + − [49] TaMYB70-A TraesCS5A03G0432900 MYB transcription factor + − [49] TaMYB70-B TraesCS5B03G0428700 MYB transcription factor + − [49] TaMYB70-D TraesCS5D03G0401500 MYB transcription factor + − [49] TaABI5-A TraesCS3A03G0880400 Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor − − [28] TaABI5-B TraesCS3B03G1006600 Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor − − [28] TaABI5-D TraesCS3D03G0808000 Basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor − − [28] JA KAT-2B TraesCS6B03G1211100 Keto-acyl thiolase 2B + − [50] TaPAP6-A TraesCS2A03G0298800 Fibrillin family member + − [51] TaPAP6-B TraesCS2B03G0419200 Fibrillin family member + − [51] TaPAP6-D TraesCS2D03G0317100 Fibrillin family member + − [51] TaGL1-B1 TraesCS1B03G0239600 Carotenoid isomerase gene + TaGL1-B1b [51] Other regulators TaCYP78A3-A TraesCS7A03G0630800 Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein + − [52] TaCYP78A3-B TraesCS7B03G0455800 Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein + − [52] TaCYP78A3-D TraesCS7D03G0611800 Cytochrome P450(CYP) 78A3 protein + − [52] TaGW7-A TraesCS2A03G0367000 TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) protein − H1a [53] TaGW7-B TraesCS2B03G0488200 TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) protein − H1b [53] TaGW7-D TraesCS2D03G0384600 TONNEAU1-recruiting motif (TRM1) protein − H1d [53] TaFlo2-A1 TraesCS2A03G1201700 FLOURY ENDOSPERM2 (Flo2) gene + TaFlo2-A1b [54, 55] TaGS5-3A TraesCS3A03G0396700LC Serine carboxypeptidases + TaGS5-3A-T [56] TaMGD-A TraesCS6A03G0937800 Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol + − [57] TaMGD-B TraesCS6B03G1143600 Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol + − [57] TaMGD-D TraesCS6D03G0814200 Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol + − [57] Table 1.
Genes involved in wheat grain weight regulation.
Figures
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Tables
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