Figures (2)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Word clouds of selected articles.

    • Figure 2. 

      Improving driver education programs.

    • StageComponentsCategoriesStatesCount
      Stage 1
      (Learner permit)      		Minimum entry Age< 15 yearsAK, AR, IA, ID, KS, MT, MI, ND, SD9
      15 yearsAL, CO, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, ME, MN, MS, MO, NE, NM, NC, OR, SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WY23
      15−16 yearsAZ, CA, HI, MD, NV, NH, OH, OK, VA, WI10
      16 yearsCT, DE, DC, KY, MA, NJ, NY, PA, RI9
      Holding period10 dWY1
      4−6 monthsAL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CT, DE, DC, HI, ID, IN, KY, LA, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, WA, WV, WI37
      9−12 monthsCO, FL, GA, IA, IL, KS, MD, MS, NC, ND, VA, VT12
      NoneNH1
      Minimum hours of supervised drivingNoneAR, MS, NJ, SD4
      20-40 hAK, CT, DC, GA, IA, KS, MA, MN, NH, SC, UT, VT, VA, AZ, MO, TX, WI17
      50 hAL, CA, CO, DE, FL, HI, ID, IL, IN, LA, MI, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, OR, RI, TN, WA, WV, WY25
      60−70 hKY, MD, ME, NC, PA5
      Stage 2 (Intermediate license)Minimum age< 16 yearsID, MT, NM, SC, SD5
      16 yearsAL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, IL, IA, KS, LA, ME, MI, MN, MS, MO, NE, NV, NH, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY34
      16−17 yearsCT, DE, DC, IN, KY, MD, MA, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA12
      Unsupervised driving prohibited10 pm–6 amDE, IL, MI, MS, KS, NC, ND, NV, NY, OK, SD, WV12
      11 pm–5 amAR, CA, CT, HI, IN, LA, MT, NJ, PA, TN, WY11
      Midnight–6 amAL, DC, KY, NE, OH, AZ, CO, GA, IA, ME, MD, MA, MN, NM, OR, TX, UT, VA, WI19
      1 am–5 amAK, FL, MO, NH, RI, WA6
      Sunset–SunriseID, SC2
      NoneVT1
      Passenger restrictionNo restrictionDC, FL, GA, IN, ME, MS, ND, SD, UT, VT10
      No more than oneAL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, HI, ID, IL, KS, KY, LA, MI, MO, MT, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, RI, TN, TX, VA, WI, WY29
      No passenger younger than 21 yearsAK, CA, CT, IA, MD, MA, MN, NV, OR, WA, WV11
      No more than twoSC1
      Stage 3 (Permanent license)Minimum age16 yearsID, MT, ND, OH, SD5
      16−17 yearsAK, AZ, KS, ME, MS, NM, NC, OK, PA, SC, VT, WI, WY13
      17 yearsAL, CA, CO, DE, HI, IA, KY, LA, MI, MN, NE, NY, OR, TN, UT, WA, WV17
      18 yearsAR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, MD, MA, MO, NV, NH, NJ, RI, TX, VA16
      Post-COVID-19 pandemic changes are not taken into account.

      Table 1. 

      Comparison of GDL components among the US states.

    • StudyIDStudyIDVariablePaper IDCount
      Vachal et al.[8]#1Duddu et al.[9]#18Driver gender#1-#7, #9−#12, #14, #17-#19, #21−#27, #31, #32, #3325
      Tefft et al.[10]#2Hossain et al.[11]#19Passenger presence#1, #4, #5, #7−#9, #11, #13, #16, #18-#22, #24, #26, #27, #29, #31, #32, #3321
      Møller & Janstrup[12]#3Cvijanovich et al.[13]#20Crash hour#1-#5, #7, #9, #11, #13, #16, #18−#22, #24, #27, #29, #31, #32, #3321
      Hamann et al.[14]#4Chen et al.[15]#21Collision type#2-#5, #7−#9, #12, #14−#16, #17, #19, #20, #22, #27, #32, #3318
      Rahman et al.[16]#5Kim et al.[17]#22Restraint usage#1, #5, #9, #10, #12−#14, #16, #19, #20, #22, #23, #26, #27, #31, #32, #3317
      McCartt et al.[18]#6Lin et al.[19]#23Violation/primary contributing factor#1, #3−#5, #8-#10, #12, #14, #16, #19, #23, #27, #29, #32, #3316
      Mayhew et al.[20]#7Pitt et al.[21]#24Day of the week#2-#5, #7, #9, #12, #14, 316, #18−#20, #27, #31, #32, #3316
      Neyens & Boyle[22]#8McDonald et al.[23]#25Weather/Surface condition#1, #3-#5, #8, #9, #16−#19, #22, #23, #27, #31, #32, #3316
      Shults et al.[24]#9Hutchens et al.[25]#26Lighting condition#1, #5, #8, #9, #12, #16, #17, #19, #20, #22, #23, #27, #31, #32, #3315
      Chapman et al.[26]#10Carney et al.[27]#27Area setting#1-#6, #8, #12, #14, #17, #18, #23, #32, #3314
      Williams[28]#11Mathew et al.[29]#28Intoxication#3, #5, #8, #10, #11, #13, #14, #16, #17, #19, #26, #31, #3213
      Adanu et al.[30]#12Villavicencio et al.[31]#29Highway type/class#1, #5, #18, #19, #22, #23, #27, #28, #31, #32, #3311
      Williams & Shabanova[32]#13Weast & Monfort[33]#30Intersection#1, #3, #8, #12, #19, #22, #23, #31, #32, #3310
      Peek-Asa et al.[34]#14Weiss et al.[35]#31Vehicle type#5, #16, #18, #19, #22, #23, #30, #31, #32, #3310
      Carney et al.[27]#15Hossain et al.[36]#32alignment#1, #5, #17−#19, #23, #31, #32, #339
      Gonzales et al.[37]#16Hossain et al.[38]#33Posted speed limit#5, #17−#19, #22, #28, #31, #338
      Wang & Zhang[39]#17Distraction#5, #8, #10, #15, #19, #27, #32, #338
      Other variables: first harmful event (#9, #23, #25, #31), movement prior to crash (#22, #25, #31, #32), driver race (#12, #23, #26), driver condition (#18, #26, #31), traffic control (#22, #23, #31), season (#12, #29, #31), ejection (#12, #14), airbag (#1, #30), number of lanes (#12, #28), access control (#18. #28), work zone (#22), vehicle age (#30), surface type (#1), vehicle year (#22), close to home (#12), location type (#28), annual average daily traffic (#28).

      Table 2. 

      Risk factors used in prior teen driver studies.