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Figure 1.
Annual trends in the number of published documents from 2003 to 2023.
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Figure 2.
(a) Authors' publications and cooperation network from 2003 to 2023, (b) national publications and cooperation networks from 2003 to 2023, (c) agency publication and cooperation network from 2003 to 2023.
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Figure 3.
(a) Keyword cluster of herbal tea publications from 2003 to 2023, (b) timeline of keywords published in the herbal tea field from 2003 to 2023, (c) top 14 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.
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Figure 4.
Author co-citation network map from 2003 to 2023.
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Figure 5.
(a) Parts used in herbal tea and their proportion, (b) plant morphology and proportion of herbal tea.
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Rank Count Keyword Centrality Keyword 1 56 Antioxidant activity 0.17 Antioxidant activity 2 43 Green tea 0.16 Green tea 3 41 extracts 0.15 Extracts 4 31 Identification 0.11 Identification 5 29 oxidative stress 0.10 dietary supplements 6 27 Flavonoids 0.09 Medicinal plants 7 24 polyphenols 0.09 Products 8 23 In vitro 0.08 oxidative stress 9 23 leaves 0.05 Polyphenols 10 23 Food 0.05 extract Table 1.
Top 10 keywords with the highest count and centrality.
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Rank Title First author Journal Publication year Total citations 1 Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer[31] Ferreira JFS Molecules 2010 312 2 Hepatotoxicity from green tea: A review of the literature and two unpublished cases[32] Mazzanti G European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009 265 3 From 2000 years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals[33] Bishop KS Phytochemistry 2015 225 4 Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical[34] Joubert E South African Journal of Botany 2011 165 5 Evaluation of trace metal concentrations in some herbs and herbal teas by principal component analysis[35] Kara D Food Chemistry 2009 155 6 Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various leafy herbal teas[36] Oh J Food Control 2013 136 7 Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea, herbal drugs and honey[37] Bodi D Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 2014 134 8 Mineral content of some herbs and herbal teas by infusion and decoction[38] Ozcan MM Food Chemistry 2008 132 9 Mangiferin – a Bioactive Xanthonoid, not only from mango and not just antioxidant[39] Matkowski A Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2013 129 10 Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi): Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine[40] Yu X Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2018 128 Table 2.
Top 10 highly cited papers of herbal tea in WOS.
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No. Family name Latin name Chinese pinyin name for tea Growth form Part used for tea Pharmacology Ref. 1 Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata Chuanxinlian Herb Stem, leaf Clearing away heat, relieveing toxicity, alleviateing edema, alleviateing pain, stopping dysentery [6] 2 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes cusia Banlan herb Subterranean part, leaf Clearing away heat, relieveing toxicity, cooling blood, resolving sore throat, hemostasis, clearing liver [6] 3 Acoraceae Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser Shichangpu Herb Subterranean part Promoting digestion, relieveing dampness, dispelling phlegm, refreshing [6] 4 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes bidentata Niuxi Herb Subterranean part Activateing blood, tonic, alleviating edema, promoting urination, anti-hypertension [6] 5 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Huixiang/
Xiaohuixiangherb Fruit and/or seed Anti-bacterial [6] 6 Apiaceae Saposhnikovia divaricata Fangfeng Herb Whole plant Expelling wind-dampness [6] 7 Apiaceae Angelica sinensis Danggui herb Subterranean part Tonic, activating blood, regulating menstruation, alleviating pain, promoting digestion [6] 8 Apiaceae Angelica dahurica Baizhi Herb Subterranean part Expelling wind-dampness, alleviateing pain [6] 9 Apocynaceae Cynanchum paniculatum Xvchangqing herb Whole plant Expelling wind-dampness, activating collaterals [6] 10 Araceae Pinellia ternata Banxia Herb Subterranean part Relieveing dampness, dispelling phlegm, relieving vomiting, activaeing collaterals, alleviating edema, alleviateing pain [6] 11 Araliaceae Tetrapanax papyrifer Tongcao/
Tongtuomushrub Pith Refreshing, tonic, clearing away heat, promoting urination [6] 12 Arecaceae Areca catechu Binglang Tree Fruit and/or seed Tonic, promoting digestion [6] 13 Asparagaceae Anemarrhena asphodeloides Zhimu Herb Subterranean part Tonic [6] 14 Asparagaceae Polygonatum odoratum Yvzhu Herb Subterranean part Tonic, relieving thirst [6] 15 Asparagaceae Polygonatum sibiricum Huangjing Herb Stem, subterranean part Tonic [6] 16 Asteraceae Chrysanthemum indicum Yejv Herb Flower, whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, expelling wind-dampness, activating blood, suppressing liver, improving vision, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammation, alleviating pain [6] 17 Asteraceae Stevia rebaudiana Tianyejv herb Leaf Substitute for tea [6] 18 Asteraceae Senecio scandens Qianliguang Herb Whole plant, stem, leaf Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, improving vision, stopping diarrhea, stoping dysentery, alleviating pain [6] 19 Asteraceae Arctium lappa Niubang Herb Subterranean part Stopping cough, dispelling phlegm [6] 20 Asteraceae Tussilago farfara Kuandonghua Herb Flower Astringing lung, dispelling phlegm, stopping cough [6] 21 Asteraceae Dendranthema morifolium Jvhua/Jinsi Huangju Herb Flower, leaf Clearing away heat, suppressing liver, improving vision, relieving toxicity, expelling wind-dampness, activating blood, stopping cough, dispelling phlegm, anti-inflammation [6] 22 Asteraceae Artemisia annua Huanghuahao/
KucaoHerb Whole plant Clearing away heat, cooling blood [6] 23 Asteraceae Carthamus tinctorius Honghua Herb Flower Regulating menstruation, alleviating pain [6] 24 Asteraceae Atractylodes lancea Cangzhu Herb Subterranean part Relieveing dampness, expelling wind-dampness, dispersing cold [6] 25 Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium subsp. sibiricum Canger Herb Fruit and/or seed Refreshing [6] 26 Asteraceae Atractylodes macrocephala Baizhu Herb Subterranean part Tonic, relieving dampness [6] 27 Asteraceae Artemisia argyi Aicao herb Leaf, aerial part, Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving dampness, stopping cough, regulating menstruation, alleviating pain, hemostasis, activating collaterals, dispersing cold [6] 28 Burseraceae Canarium album Ganlan Tree Fruit and/or seed Relieveing dampness, harmonizing stomach, dispelling phlegm, stopping dysentery, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, relieving thirst, resolving sore throat [6] 29 Campanulaceae Platycodon grandiflorus Jiegeng Herb Subterranean part Astringing lung, dispelling phlegm, resolving sore throat, alleviating pain [6] 30 Campanulaceae Adenophora stricta Shashen Herb Subterranean part Tonic, astringing lung, clearing away heat, cooling blood, relieving thirst [6] 31 Campanulaceae Codonopsis pilosula Dangshen Herb Subterranean part Tonic [6] 32 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa Ma/Dama/
HuomaHerb Fruit and/or seed Tonic, astringing lung, alleviating pain [6] 33 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria heterophylla Haiershen/
TaizishenHerb Subterranean part Tonic, promoting digestion, relieving thirst, astringing lung [6] 34 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinensis Tusizi/Tusi Herb Whole plant Tonic [6] 35 Cucurbitaceae Gynostemma pentaphyllum Jiaogulan Hine Stem, leaf, whole plant, aerial part Stopping cough, dispelling phlegm, reducing weight, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, refreshing, anti-tumor, tonic, promoting sedative, alleviating pain, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypertension [6] 36 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Donggua Herb Fruit and/or seed Promoting digestion, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, dispelling phlegm [6] 37 Cupressaceae Platycladus orientalis Cebai/Baiye Tree Leaf Treat baldness, Hemostasis [6] 38 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus Xiangfuzi Herb Subterranean part Promoting sedative, regulating menstruation, alleviating pain [6] 39 Ephedraceae Ephedra sinica CaomMahuang Shrub Fruit and/or seed Substitute for tea [6] 40 Eucommiaceae Eucommia ulmoides Duzhong/
DuzhongyeTree Leaf, bark Tonic, anti-hypertension [6] 41 Fabaceae Sophora flavescens Kushen herb Subterranean part, stem Clearing away heat, relieving dampness, expelling parasite [6] 42 Fabaceae Astragalus propinquus Huangqi Herb Flower, leaf, Subterranean part, stem Tonic, anti-hypertension [6] 43 Fabaceae Styphnolobium japonicum Huaimi/Huaihua Tree Flower Cooling blood, hemostasis, clearing liver [6] 44 Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin Hehuan/
HehuanhuaTree Flower Refreshing promoting sedative [6] 45 Fabaceae Glycyrrhiza uralensis Gancao Herb Subterranean part, leaf Clearing away heat, astringing lung, relieving thirst, stopping cough, tonic, dispelling phlegm, alleviating pain, relieving toxicity [6] 46 Gentianaceae Gentiana scabra Longdan/
LongdancaoHerb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving dampness [6] 47 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba Yinxing/
YinxingyeTree Leaf Activating blood, anti-hypertension, astringing lung [6] 48 Juncaceae Juncus effusus Dengxincao Herb Pith, leaf, whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, clearing heart [6] 49 Lamiaceae Perilla frutescens Zisu/Zisuye Herb Leaf, stem Clearing away heat, dispersing cold, dispelling phlegm, promoting digestion, stopping cough, relieving vomiting [6] 50 Lamiaceae Nepeta tenuifolia LieyejJingjie Herb Whole plant Expelling wind-dampness [6] 51 Lamiaceae Scutellaria baicalensis Huangqin Herb Stem, leaf, flower, aerial part, whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, hemostasis, anti-inflammation, promoting digestion [6] 52 Lamiaceae Salvia miltiorrhiza Danshen Herb Subterranean part Activating blood, promoting sedative [6] 53 Lamiaceae Leonurus japonicus DahuayYimucao Herb Whole plant, aerial part, leaf Activating blood, alleviating edema, regulating menstruation, cooling blood, promoting urination [6] 54 Liliaceae Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker Baihe/Baihehua Herb Subterranean part Tonic, astringing lung, refreshing, promoting sedative, stopping cough [6] 55 Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicum Haijinsha/Haijin Shacao Vine Subterranean part, flower, whole plant Stopping cough, curing calculus, clear away heat, relieving dampness, relieving pain [6] 56 Lythraceae Punica granatum Shiliu Shrub Leaf, fruit and/or seed Stopping dysentery, promoting digestion, hemostasis [6] 57 Magnoliaceae Magnolia officinalis Houpuo Tree Flower Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity [6] 58 Malvaceae Scaphium affine Pangdahai Tree Fruit and/or seed Astringing lung, dispelling phlegm, resolving sore throat, promoting digestion [6] 59 Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum Kuding/Nvzhen/Nvzhenzi Shrub Leaf, fruit and/or seed, leaf Clearing away heat, tonic, improving vision [6] 60 Oleaceae Forsythia suspensa Lianqiao Shrub Leaf, fruit and/or seed Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, anti-inflammation, promoting digestion, alleviating edema [6] 61 Orchidaceae Dendrobium nobile Shihu Herb Stem, whole plant Tonic, relieving thirst, promoting sedative, clearing away heat [6] 62 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Cujiangcao Herb Whole plant Alleviating pain, resolving sore throat, stopping diarrhea, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, relieving dampness, alleviating center [6] 63 Paeoniaceae Paeonia lactiflora Shaoyaohua Herb Fruit and/or seed, Subterranean part Clearing away heat, cooling blood, alleviating pain [6] 64 Paeoniaceae Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews Mudanhua Shrub Subterranean part Clearing away heat, cooling blood, activating blood [6] 65 Paeoniaceae Paeonia anomala subsp. veitchii Chuanchishao Herb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, cooling blood, hemostasis [6] 66 Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum Zhima Herb Fruit and/or seed Tonic [6] 67 Plantaginaceae Rehmannia glutinosa Dihuang Herb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, tonic, relieving thirst [6] 68 Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica Cheqian/
Cheqiancao/
ChenqianziHerb Whole plant, leaf, fruit and/or seed Promoting urination, clearing away heat, improving vision, stopping diarrhea, dispelling phlegm, alleviating edema, resolving sore throat, relieving toxicity, cooling blood, stopping cough, astringing lung [6] 69 Poaceae Coix lacryma-jobi Yiyi/Yiren/Yimi Herb Whole plant, fruit and/or seed Cureing calculus, promoting urination, stopping diarrhea, clearing away heat [6] 70 Poaceae Triticum aestivum Xiaomai Herb Fruit and/or seed Promoting digestion, alleviating edema [6] 71 Poaceae Phragmites australis Luwei/Luweigen Herb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving thirst, relieving vomiting, anti-inflammation, promoting urination, promoting sedative [6] 72 Poaceae Oryza sativa Dao Herb Fruit and/or seed, Subterranean part, leaf Promoting digestion [6] 73 Polygonaceae Reynoutria japonica Huzhang Herb Subterranean part, leaf, stem Expelling wind-dampness, activating blood, alleviating pain, relieving dampness, dispelling phlegm, stopping cough, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity [6] 74 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Machixian Herb Leaf, whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, cooling blood, stopping dysentery, alleviating edema, relieving dampness [6] 75 Ranunculaceae Coptis chinensis Huanglian Herb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving dampness, relieving toxicity [6] 76 Ranunculaceae Anemone chinensis Baitouweng Herb Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, cooling blood, stopping diarrhea [6] 77 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Zao/Suanzaoren Tree Fruit and/or seed Tonic, promoting sedative [6] 78 Rosaceae Rosa laevigata Jinyingzi Vine Fruit and/or seed, Subterranean part Stopping diarrhea, clearing away heat [6] 79 Rosaceae Sanguisorba officinalis Diyv/Diyvye Herb Stem, Subterranean part, leaf Cooling blood, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, hemostasis, expelling wind-dampness [6] 80 Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminoides Zhizi/Zhizihua Shrub Fruit and/or seed, flower Clearing away heat, promoting sedative, promoting urination, cooling blood, relieving toxicity [6] 81 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia diffusa Baihuas Sheshecao Herb Whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, promoting urination, stopping cough, alleviating edema, activating blood, alleviating pain, resolving sore throat [6] 82 Rubiaceae Morinda officinalis Bajitian Vine Subterranean part [6] 83 Rutaceae Citrus medica Xiangyuan Shrub leaf, fruit and/or seed Refreshing, dispelling phlegm, clearing away heat, stoping cough, anti-asthma [6] 84 Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Tiancheng/
ChengziTree Fruit and/or seed Dispelling phlegm, promoting digestion, harmonizing stomach, stopping cough, relieving vomiting [6] 85 Rutaceae Citrus × aurantium Suancheng/
ZhishiTree Fruit and/or seed, flower Dispelling phlegm, promoting digestion [6] 86 Rutaceae Phellodendron amurense Huangbo Tree Bark Anti-bacteria, anti-virus [6] 87 Schisandraceae Schisandra chinensis Wuweizi Vine Fruit and/or seed Tonic, promoting sedative [6] 88 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia ningpoensis Xuanshen Herb Subterranean part Cooling blood, tonic, clearing away heat, relieving toxicity [6] 89 Selaginellaceae Selaginella tamariscina Juanbai Herb Whole plant Activating blood, clearing away heat, stopping cough, hemostasis, relieving dampness [6] 90 Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Tufuling Shrub Subterranean part Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, relieving dampness, stopping dysentery [6] 91 Smilacaceae Smilax china Baqia Shrub Subterranean part, leaf Relieving thirst, relieving toxicity, expelling wind dampness [6] 92 Solanaceae Lycium barbarum NingxiagGouqi Shrub Leaf, fruit and/or seed Tonic, improving vision, clearing away heat, expelling wind-dampness, relieving thirst [6] 93 Zingiberaceae Amomum villosum Sharen Herb Fruit and/or seed Relieving dampness, harmonizing stomach, stopping diarrhea [6] 94 Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Chenpi/Qingpi/XiaoqingganJv Tree Fruit Reducing diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance [42,43] 95 Rutaceae Citrus maxima Youzi Tree Fruit Immune regulation, antioxidant, anti liver cancer [44] 96 Polyporaceae Ganoderma lucidum Lingzhi Fungi Subterranean part Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activity [33] 97 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia ciliata Xiangru Herb Branch and leaf Dispersing cold, promoting urination [33] 98 Moraceae Ficus carica Wuhuaguo Shrub Fruit Promoting digestion, anti-virus [33] 99 Araliaceae Panax ginseng Renshen Herb Subterranean part, flower, leaf Anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory [45] 100 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica RendongJinyinhua Vine Flower, stem, leaf, whole plant Clearing away heat, relieving toxicity, anti-inflammation, anti-hypertension, cooling blood, alleviating pain [6,46] 101 Elaeagnaceae Hippophae rhamnoides Shaji Tree Leaf Anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, adaptogenic, and tissue regenerative [47] 102 Poaceae Hordeum vulgare Damai Herb Fruit and/or seed Promoting digestion, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic [48] 103 Rosaceae Crataegus pinnatifida Shanzha Tree Leaf, fruit and/or seed Promoting digestion, anti-hyperlipidemic, activate blood [49] 104 Oleaceae Osmanthus fragrans Guihua Tree Flower Protecting stomach and liver, dispersing phlegm, and antioxidant activity [50] 105 Rosaceae Rosa rugosa Meigui/
MeiguihuaShrub Flower, fruit and/or seed Suppressing liver, promoting sedative, activating blood, alleviating pain [6,51] 106 Solanaceae Lycium chinense Gouqi Shrub Leaf, fruit and/or seed, Subterranean part, bark Clearing away heat, cooling blood, improving vision, tonic, relieving toxicity, relieving thirst, expelling wind-dampness [6,52] Table 3.
107 common Chinese medicinal herbs for tea making.
Figures
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Tables
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