Figures (2)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Adaptation of insects to ultraviolet radiation. Note: Figure modified from The biological effects of ultraviolet light on insects according to Wang et al.[69].

    • Figure 2. 

      Distribution and interaction of SOD, POD, and CAT protective enzymes in cells. Note: Figure Modified metabolic pathways of hydrogen peroxide metabolism in cells according to Valdez et al.[77].

    • Biological effectInsectBiological effects of UV on insects
      Behavioral characteristicsPhototactic behaviourDiaphorina citriIt is taxis to a variety of wavelengths of monochromatic light including 360 nm UV[34].
      Drosophila melanogasterLow intensity UV produces a momentary attraction to D. melanogaster, while high intensity UV causes avoidance[35].
      Trophic behaviourBombus friseanusRed flowers can stimulate the photoreceptors of B. friseanus by reflecting UV, which makes it inclined to choose red flowers for food[36].
      Dispersal behaviorBemisia tabaciThe flight localization ability of whitefly would be destroyed under insufficient UV irradiation, and then, the propagation and diffusion behavior of whitefly would be changed[15].
      Courtship behaviorBicyclus anynanaThe male is able to select a mate based on the eye-shaped markings on the female's wings that reflect UV[37].
      Pieris rapaeIn the UV-light abundant environment, 96.20 % female butterflies showed active courtship behavior, and the mating success rate was 37.33 %, which was significantly higher than that in the UV-light deficient environment[38].
      Parasitic behaviorCorcyra cephalonicaIt was found that the parasitism rate of egg Trichogrammatid irradiated by UV light was the highest[39].
      Avoid natural enemiesLopinga achineWhen the light intensity is low and most of it is UV, it can avoid deadly attacks from aerial enemies[40].
      Biological characteristicsGrowth and developmentMacrosiphum avenaeInhibited the molting of nymphs, prolonged the development period, and caused population degradation[41].
      Myzus persicaeDamaged dermal cells and significantly affected the relative expression of CHS1[26].
      Prolonged development time and average generation cycle, which stimulated fertility[16].
      Acyrthosiphon pisumWith the extension of radiation time, the number of generations increased, and the body weight and body length first increased and then decreased[42].
      ReproductionDialeurodes citriWhen a pair of D. citri was irradiated with UVA for 0, 1, 4 and 7 h/d, it was found that the fecundity and spawning capacity of the other treatments were significantly increased compared with the control group except for 7 h/d[43].
      Physiological characteristicsEnzyme systemMyzus persicaeThe expression of four protein-coding genes (coenzyme NADH, heat shock protein 70, epidermal protein, and REDOX enzyme) was activated, and the transcription level was enhanced[44].
      Immune systemBombyx moriFeeding B. moriwith UV-B irradiated mulberry leaves enhanced its resistance to nuclear polyhedrosis virus[45].

      Table 1. 

      Effects of UV stress on biological characteristics of insects.