Phyto-fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing the green approach exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity in <i>Diospyros kaki</i> fruit

Iftikhar Hussain Shah; Irfan Ali Sabir; Muhammad Ashraf; Asad Rehman; Zishan Ahmad; Muhammad Azam; Ghulam Abbas Ashraf; Haroon ur Rasheed; Guohui Li; Jeridi Mouna; Mohammad Faizan; Muhammad Ahsan Altaf; Awais Shakoor; Cheng Song; Muhammad Aamir Manzoor; Iftikhar Hussain Shah; Irfan Ali Sabir; Muhammad Ashraf; Asad Rehman; Zishan Ahmad; Muhammad Azam; Ghulam Abbas Ashraf; Haroon ur Rasheed; Guohui Li; Jeridi Mouna; Mohammad Faizan; Muhammad Ahsan Altaf; Awais Shakoor; Cheng Song; Muhammad Aamir Manzoor

doi:10.48130/frures-0024-0015

Figures (8) Tables (2)

Figure 1.
Proposed hypothetical picture of the reduction mechanism of copper sulphate by the aqueous leaf extract solution of M. indica on a hot plate at 80 °C for 4 h at 200 rpm.
Figure 2.
FTIR spectra of M. indica mediated CuO.NPs. FTIR showed corresponding peaks 3,404.13, 300.37, 2,382.35, 1,641.84, 1,476.90, 1,072.42, 872.66, and 651.51cm⁻¹ corresponding to various functional groups.
Figure 3.
XRD spectra of M. indica mediated CuO.NPs. The XRD spectra of the green synthesized M. indica mediated CuO.NPs exhibit seven main peaks at 2θ angles of 49.67, 39.36, 36.75, 29.56, and 25.34 plains respectively.
Figure 4.
TEM analysis of green synthesized M. indica CuO.NPs. Spherical shape with a diameter ranging between 30−90 nm.
Figure 5.
In-vitro antibacterial activity of CuO.NPs were evaluated at different doses (30, 60, and 100 µg·mL⁻¹) against E. coli and S. aureus.
Figure 6.
Fruit detached antifungal in vivo assay. Persimmon fruits were infested and treated with different concentrations of CuO.NPs including: (a) 30 mg·L⁻¹, (b) 60 mg·L⁻¹, (c) and (d) 100 mg·L⁻¹. Control fruit were without any NP.
Figure 7.
Antioxidant activity of M. indica CuO.NPs. The DPPH assay was carried out with 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg·mL⁻¹ concentrations of M.indica. CuO.NPs and Ascorbic acid were used as a standard.
Figure 8.
Expected antimicrobial mechanism of CuO.NPs. Disruption of cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane nanoparticles adhere to or pass through cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Cu ions denature ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis. Interruption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production: ATP production is terminated because Cu ions deactivate respiratory enzymes on the cytoplasmic membrane. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the broken electron transport chain can cause membrane disruption. Cu and reactive oxygen species bind to deoxyribonucleic acid and prevent its replication and cell multiplication. CuO.NPs directly move across the cytoplasmic membrane, which can release organelles from the cell.

S. No.	Functional groups	Compounds	Wave. no.	Vibration	Bonding	Peaks
1	OH	Alcohol	3,404.13	Stretching	Strong	Broadband
2	O-H	Carboxylic	300.37	Stretching	Strong	Broadband
3	O=C=O	Carbon oxide	2,382.35	Stretching	Medium	Broadband
4	−C=C	Alkanes	1,641.84	Stretching	Medium	Broadband
5	N-H	Amine	1,476.90	Bending	Medium	Broadband
6	N-H	Anhydride	1,072.42	Stretching	Strong	Broadband
7	C-Cl	Aldehyde	872.66	Bending	Medium	Broadband
9	C-Br	Alkyl Halides	651.51	Stretching	Strong	Broadband

Table 1.

Possible functional groups in M. indica plant extract.

Treatment Diseased area (mm)

30 mg·L⁻¹ 64.6 ± 1.6
60 mg·L⁻¹ 44.2 ± 0.6
100 mg·L⁻¹ 23.4 ± 1.8
Control 97.0 ± 0.81

Table 2.
Effectiveness of green CuO.NPs on fruit against disease.

Treatment	Diseased area (mm)
30 mg·L⁻¹	64.6 ± 1.6
60 mg·L⁻¹	44.2 ± 0.6
100 mg·L⁻¹	23.4 ± 1.8
Control	97.0 ± 0.81