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Figure 1.
ML consensus phylogenetic tree of species from brown-rotting genera including Antrodia, Daedalea, Fomitopsis, Neoantrodia, Rhodofomes, Rhodofomitopsis, and white-rotting Climacocystis species based on ITS and nrLSU sequences. Node support values are shown in the order of MP bootstrap/ML bootstrap/Bayesian posterior probabilities. Collection/voucher numbers are appended as tip labels and our specimens shown as underlined. Two new species R. flavomarginatus and C. temperata are indicated in bold and three previously unrecorded species in Pakistan are underlined.
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Figure 2.
Basidiocarps of Climacocystis temperata (a), (b), (c) from its natural habitat; (d) close-up view of the pileal surface (fresh); (e) pore surface; (f) cross sectional view of fresh specimen showing yellow tube layer and white context. Scale bars: (a), (d) = 1 cm; (b), (c) = 2 cm; (e) = 4 mm; (f) = 5 mm.
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Figure 3.
Drawing from the microscopic examination of holotype specimen of Climacocystis temperata. (a) Contextual generative hyphae showing branches and clamps; (b) tramal monomitic hyphal construct showing generative hyphae; (c) simple and compound clamp connections; (d) hymenial cystidia of different shapes; (e) basidia; (f) basidioles; (g) basidiospores showing different aspect view. All scale bars are 10 µm.
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Figure 4.
Basidiocarps of Rhodofomes flavomarginatus (a), (c) from its natural habitat showing pileal surface; (b), (d) close-up view of pores surface (fresh) showing exudates. Scale bars: (a), (b), (d) = 1 cm; (c) = 5 cm.
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Figure 5.
Microscopic structures drawn from holotype specimen of Rhodofomes flavomarginatus. (a) Context showing generative and skeletal hyphae; (b) dimitic hyphal construct from trama; (c) cystidioles; (d) basidioles; (e) basidiospores; (f) basidia. Scale bars are 10 µm.
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Figure 6.
Basidiocarps of Daedalea dickinsii (a) from its natural substrate; (b) pileal surface, also showing margin; (c) pore surface (dried); (d) cross section showing context and tube layers; (e) close-up view of pores; (f) microscopy of context showing skeletal and generative hyphae; (g) skeletal and generative hyphae from trama; (h) cystidioles; (i) basidiospores; (j) basidioles and basidia. Scale bars: (a)–(d) = 1 cm; (e) = 5 mm; (f)–(j) = 10 µm.
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Figure 7.
Basidiocarps from Neoantrodia serialis. (a) Pore surface showing close-up view of pores; (b) resupinate basidiocarp adnate to the substrate; (c) skeletal and generative hyphae of context showing branches; (d) generative hyphae from the trama showing sepatation and branching; (e) basidiospores; (f) basidia and hyphoid cystidia. Scale bars: (a) = 5 mm; (b) = 10 cm; (c)–(f) = 10 µm.
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Figure 8.
Basidiocarps of Rhodofomes roseus (a) from its natural habitat showing pore surfaces and margin; (b) view of pileal surface; (c) cross section view of fresh specimen depicting zonation; (d) close-up view of pores; (e) dimitic construct of context showing dominant skeletal hyphae and generative hyphae; (f) skeletal and generative hyphae from trama; (g) basidioles; (h) basidia; (i) basidiospores. Scale bars: (a), (b) = 1 cm; (c) = 5 mm; (d) = 2 mm; (e)–(i) = 10 µm.
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Taxa Collection no./voucher ITS nrLSU Origin Antrodia albida CBS 308.82 DQ491414 NA Korea A. serpens X1508 KC543167 NA France A. serpens X1511 KC543169 NA France A. heteromorpha CBS 200.91 DQ491415 NA Korea A. heteromorpha 0509-187 KC543121 KC543121 USA A. heteromorpha X1474 KC543150 KC543150 Norway A. heteromorpha X1841 KC543177 KC543177 Finland A. mappa Am4132 KC543130 KC543130 Canada A. mappa Am4239 KC543113 KC543113 Finland Brunneoporus malicola BCRC 35452 DQ013299 AY333837 Taiwan B. malicola MJL1167SP AY966449 NA Taiwan Climacocystis borealis Dai 3703 KJ566626 KJ566636 China C. borealis Dai 11798 KJ566632 KJ566641 China C. borealis Dai 13208 KJ566635 KJ566642 China C. borealis Dai 4014 KJ566627 KJ566637 China C. borealis FD-31 KP135308 KP135210 USA C. borealis KHL13318 (GB) JQ031126 NA Sweden C. montana Cui 10603 KJ566634 NA China C. montana Cui 17122 ON682359 ON680811 China C. montana Cui 17502 MW377276 MW377356 China C. montana Cui 9610 KJ566630 NA China C. montana Cui 17123 ON682360 ON680812 China C. montana Cui 9607 KJ566629 KJ566639 China C. montana Cui 9612 KJ566631 KJ566640 China C. montana Dai 23003 ON682358 OL423570 China C. montana Cui 9603 KJ566628 KJ566638 China C. temperata MUSl21-41 OR364522 OR364606 Pakistan Daedalea circularis Cui10134 JQ314352 KP171221 China D. circularis Dai 13062 KP171200 KP171222 China D. dickinsii Yuan 1090 KR605790 KR605729 China D. dickinsii Yuan 2685 KP171201 KP171223 China D. dickinsii Yuan 2707 KP171202 KP171224 China D. dickinsii MUBS40 OM533594 NA Pakistan D. modesta Cui 10151 KP171205 KP171227 China D. modesta Dai 10844 KP171206 KP171228 China D. neotropica DLC04-100 FJ403218 NA Belize D. neotropica DLC04-80 FJ403217 NA USA D. quercina Dai 12659 KP171208 KP171230 Finland D. quercina Dai 12697 KP171209 KP171231 Czech Republic D. quercina Dai 2260 KR605792 KR605885 China D. quercina Dai 12152 KP171207 KP171229 China Fomitopsis betulina CBS:377.51 MH856908 MH868430 China F. betulina Cui 10756 KR605797 KR605736 China F. cana Cui6239 JX435777 JX435775 China F. cana Dai9611 JX435776 JX435774 China F. meliae 1P_1_1 FJ372673 FJ372695 Thailand F. meliae Dai 10035 KR605774 NA China F. palustris CBS 283.65 DQ491404 MH870206 Korea F. pinicola CBS 221.39 DQ491405 NA Korea F. pinicola H:HK-19330 KF169655 NA Russia F. pinicola PeruMyc1520 MG820763 NA Italy F. subtropica Cui 10578 KR605787 KR605726 China F. subtropica Cui10140 JQ067651 NA China Neoantrodia serialis CBS 306.82 DQ491417 NA Korea N. serialis MUJMk14 OR364518 NA Pakistan N. serialis P213 AJ344139 NA Germany N. variiformis CBS 309.82 DQ491418 NA Korea N. variiformis FP90100SP AY966453 NA China Niveoporofomes spraguei CBS 365.34 DQ491406 NA Korea Perenniporia medulla-panis Cui14515 MW989399 NA China P. ochroleuca Dai11486 HQ654105 JF706349 China Rhodofomes cajanderi CBS 127.24 DQ491407 MH866275 Korea R. cajanderi CBS 195.37 DQ491399 NA Korea R. cajanderi Cui 9871 KC507158 KC507168.1 China R. cajanderi Cui 9888 KC507156 KC507166 China R. cajanderi HOU 10773 DQ491413 NA Korea R. cajanderi LE-BIN 3546 MG735350 NA Russia R. cajanderi V 0410/14a,b-J USA KR605768 KR605707 USA R. carneus Leif Ryvarden 10118 KF999921 KF999925 China R. carneus O 15519 KC507155 KC507165 China R. cystidiatus Yuan 6304 KR605769 KR605708 China R. flavomarginatus MU1E OR364739 OR364741 Pakistan R. incarnatus Cui 10348 KC844848 KC844853 China R. incarnatus HSJ-2006a DQ491411 NA Korea R. incarnatus SNU m-05072501 DQ491409 NA Korea R. incarnatus Yuan 2653 KC844849 KC844854 China R. roseus Cui 10633 KR605782 KR605721 China R. roseus Cui 10520 KC507162 AY333809 China R. roseus Cui 10551 KC507163 KC507173 China R. roseus JV 1110/9 KR605783 KR605722 Czech Republic R. roseus LE-BIN 3844 MG734829 NA Russia R. roseus MUBS85 OR364705 OR364719 Pakistan R. roseus RLG-6954 KC585353 KC585181 USA R. subfeei Cui 9229 KR605789 KR605728 China R. subfeei Dai 10430 KR605788 KR605727 China Rhodofomitopsis africana MUCL 43284 DQ491422 NA Cameroon R. cupreorosea CBS 236.87 DQ491400 AY515325 Costa Rica R. cupreorosea NM692 MF589757 MF590128 Brazil R. feei CBS 424.84 DQ491402 NA Korea R. feei JV 0610/K9 KF999922 KF999926 Kout Mexico R. feei Oinonen 6011906 KC844851 KC844856 Brazil R. feei Ryvarden 37603 KC844850 KC844855 Venezuela R. feei Uotila 42928 KF999924 KF999928 Australia R. lilacinogilva Schigel 5193 KR605773 KR605712 Australia Rubellofomes cystidiatus Cui 5481 KF937288 KF937291 China R. minutisporus Rajchenberg 10661 KR605777 KR605716 Argentina Subantrodia juniperina FP97452T AY966454 NA Taiwan S. juniperina CBS 117.40 DQ491416 MH867551 USA Ungulidaedalea fragilis Cui 10919 KF937286 NG_060408 China * NA = Not available. Table 1.
Names, collection numbers, and corresponding GenBank accessions of the taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses of this study.
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Genus Rhodofomes Climacocystis Species R. flavomar ginatus1 R. roseus2 R. incarnates3 R. subfeei4 R. cajanderi5 C. montana6 C. borealis7 C. temperata1 Basidiocarp shape Ungulate Dimidiate Dimidiate Applanate to triquetrous Applanate, broadly convex applanate to dimidiate Applanate to dimidiate Applanate to dimidiate Basidiocarp dim. (L × W × T) cm. 14 × 10 × 20 nil × 5–10 × 3–8 13 × 6 × 7 4 × 10.6 × 2.5 nil × 3–10 × 10 7 × 14 × 2 11 × 12 × 3 12 × 19 × 3.5 Margin Obtuse Acute to rounded Acute Obtuse to acute Acute NA acute Entire to serrate Growth habit Solitary imbricate NA Single or imbricate Imbricate Imbricate Imbricate imbricate Pileal surface color Dark grayish brown Brownish black Brownish gray to grayish black cinnamon brown to fawn brown Pink to grey, brown, or black White to pale cream White to cream Whitish or pale Surface texture Glabrous NA Glabrous, finely velvety Glabrous, rough, finely velvety or hairy Tomentose to hirsute Tomentose to hirsute Tomentose Marking or zonation Azonate, sulcate Zonate, sulcate Sulcate sulcate Faintly zonate Azonate Azonate Zonate Pore surface color Pinkish white Pink Pinkish white Pink to brownish vinaceous Rosy pink White to cream White to cream Pale yellow No. pores (mm−1) 5–6 (5) 3–5 6–8 4–6 3/4–5 1–3 1–3 1–3(2) Hyphal structure Dimitic Trimitic Trimitic Trimitic Trimitic Monomitic Monomitic Monomitic Cont. GH (µm) 2.6–3.9 NA 2.3–3 2–3 NA 5–8 3–7 4.7–11.4 Tramal GH (µm) 2.3–3.6 NA NA NA NA 3–4 2.5–4 3.9–7.2 Cystidia Absent NA NA NA NA Ventricose, without crystals,
35-60 µmVentricose, with apical crystals,
30-50 µmVaried in shape,
22.8–58 µmCystidioles Club shaped Absent Subulate Fusoid Subfusiform or irregular Absent Absent Absent Basidial sterigma 4–sterigmate 4–sterigmate 2–sterigmate 4–sterigmate 4–sterigmate 4–sterigmate 4–sterigmate 4–sterigmate Basidia dim. (µm) 6.2–13.8 × 3.5–5.7 10–18 × 4–6 15–19 × 4–6.3 9–18 × 4–6 10–12 × 3–4 20–27 × 6–7 25–30 × 6–8 21.5–47.6 × 5.4–8.2 Basdiospore shape Cylindric to ellipsoid Subcylindrical to slightly ovoid Ellipsoid, frequently curved Cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid Allantoid Ellipsoid to subcylindrical Ellipsoid to subcylindrical Ellipsoid to subcylindrical Basidiospores length (µm) 5.1–6.0 × 2.7–3.9 5.5–7.5 × 2–2.5 4.5–6.3 × 2.2–2.9 4–5 × 1.9–2.4 5–7 × 2–3 6–8.8 × 3–4.2 5–6.8 × 3.2–4 6.7–10.7 × 3.9–6.1 Q range 1.7–2.0 NA NA 2.05–2.1 NA 1.85–1.89 1.6–1.67 1.40–1.51 Host plant Abies pindrow Picea abies Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus sp. Cunninghamia lanceolata Pinus spp. Picea spp. Pinus spp., Picea spp. Abies pindrow Species references: 1. This study; 2. Carranza-Morse & Gilbertson[64]; Gilbertson & Ryvarden[17]; Han et al.[5]; Justo et al.[8]; 3. Kim et al.[59]; 4. Han & Cui[21]; 5. Justo et al.[8]; 6. Song et al.[11]; 7. Gilbertson & Ryvarden[17]; Núñez & Ryvarden[13]; Dai[14]; Song et al.[11]. * NA = Not available. Table 2.
Morphoanatomical comparisons of the new Climacocystis and Rhodofomes species and their relatives.
Figures
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Tables
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