Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Fungal infection mechanism and resistance mechanisms of fruits against fungal pathogens after treatment with BCAs.

    • Chemical structureMycotoxinChemical nameMolecular formulaMolecular
      weight (g/mol)      		Chemical abstracts services (CAS) numberHazard identification
      Dibenzopyrone derivativesAlternariol (AOH)3,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-oneC14H10O5258.226641-38-3- AOH, AME, and ALT are less poisonous than other mycotoxins
      - At doses of ≥ 1 μM and 25 μM, respectively, AOH and AME markedly enhanced the rate of DNA strand breaks in human colon cancer cells
      Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-oneC15H12O5272.25323452-05-3
      Altenuene (ALT)2α,3α,4aβ-tetrahydro-2,3,7-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-4a-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-oneC15H16O6292.28429752-43-0
      Perylene quinone derivativesAltertoxin I (ATX I)1,2,7,8,12b-pentahydro-1,4,6b,10-tetrahydroxy-perylene-3,9-dioneC20H16O6352.33756258-32-3- Compared to AOH and AME, ATX I, -II, and -III are more powerful mutagens and acute poisons for mice
      - ATX-II has high genotoxicity and is the most powerful member of the ATX group with various action mechanisms
      Altertoxin II (ATX II)[perylo(1,2-b)oxirene-7,11-dione,7a,8a,8b,8c,9,10-hexahydro-1,6,8c-trihydroxy-, (7aR,8aR,8bS,8cR)-]C20H14O6350.32156257-59-1
      Altertoxin III (ATX III)[perylo(1,2-b:7,8-b’)bisoxirene-5,10-dione, 1a,1b,5a,6a,6b,10a-hexahydro-4,9-dihydroxy-]C20H12O6348.306105579-74-6
      Tetramic acid derivativesTenuazonic acid (TeA)3-acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-oneC10H15NO3197.231610-88-8- TeA is more poisonous compared to AOH, AME, and ALT
      - By preventing the release of freshly synthesized proteins from the ribosomes, TeA suppresses protein production at the ribosomal level in mammalian cells

      Table 1. 

      The chemical name, molecular formula, molecular weight, CAS number, and hazard identification of major Alternaria toxins.

    • TreatmentTarget pathogensTarget cropsRef.
      Ascorbic acid + Pichia caribbicaPenicillium expansumApples[64]
      Chitosan + Pichia anomalaGrapes[65]
      Methyl jasmonate + Meyerozyma guilliermondiiApples[66]
      Phytic acid + Rhodotorula mucilaginosaBotrytis cinereaStrawberries[67]
      Sodium bicarbonate + Kloeckera apiculate/Metschnikowia fructicolaCherry fruits[68]
      Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose + Rhodosporidium paludigenumAlternaria alternataJujubes[69]

      Table 2. 

      Various combination treatments that have been successfully applied in fruit postharvest disease control.