Antimalarial potential of ethanol extract, and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoid-, terpenoid-, and alkaloid-rich fractions of <i>Sida linifolia</i> L.

Figures (4) Tables (4)

Figure 1.
RBC count of mice infected with malaria and treated with extract of S. linifolia.
Figure 2.
WBC count of mice infected with malaria and treated with extract of S. linifolia.
Figure 4.
Hb concentration of mice infected with malaria and treated with extract of S. linifolia.
Figure 3.
PCV of mice infected with malaria and treated with extract of S. linifolia.
Treatments
(mg/kg bw, po, ELES) No. of animals used No. of deaths recorded

10 3 0
100 3 0
1,000 3 0
1,700 3 0
3,000 3 0
5,000 3 0

n = 3; po = per oral treatment; bw = body weight.

Table 1.
Acute toxicity study.

Groups	Before treatment	3 d post-treatment
Normal control	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a
Positive control	80.00 ± 5.77^b	70.00 ± 5.77^e
80 mg/kg bw Arthesunate	73.33 ± 13.33^b	30.00 ± 3.33^c
100 mg/kg bw ELES	63.33 ± 8.82^b	46.67 ± 3.33^d
200 mg/kg bw ELES	63.33 ± 12.02^b	26.67 ± 3.33^bc
400 mg/kg bw ELES	56.67 ± 2.02^b	16.67 ± 5.56^b
n = 3. Results are presented as Means ± SEM. Mean values that differ in superscripted alphabets down the columns are deemed significant (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Effect of ELES on malaria-infected mice parasitemia.

Concentrations (µg/mL)	FRF	TRF	ARF
Hypotonicity-induced hemolysis (% inhibition)
50	43.15 ± 2.45^a	51.50 ± 399.40^a	61.20 ± 1.20^b
100	78.45 ± 8.15^b	89.734 ± 194.04^b	88.50 ± 201.50^a
200	80.65 ± 3.45^c	64.10 ± 5.40^c	75.30 ± 12.30^c
400	67.45 ± 6.45^d	69.70 ± 124.88^d	73.45 ± 26.75^d
800	70.10 ± 174.10^e	53.80 ± 260.80^e	68.15 ± 2.15^e
Aspirin (50 µg/mL)	79.76 ± 8.72^b	79.76 ± 8.72^f	79.76 ± 8.72^f
Protein denaturation (% inhibition)
50	32.44 ± 41.10^a	35.12 ± 52.40^a	22.99 ± 3.66^a
100	94.64 ± 1.86^b	77.02 ± 10.57^b	80.95 ± 4.04^a
200	85.12 ± 1.81^c	53.27 ± 8.87^c	84.00 ± 18.09^c
400	62.50 ± 2.73^d	66.07 ± 2.73^d	71.73 ± 23.90^d
800	79.82 ± 7.80^e	76.84±21.60^b	88.02 ± 18.04^e
Aspirin (50 µg/mL)	79.76 ± 8.72^e	79.76 ± 8.72^e	79.76 ± 8.72^f
Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Values with different letter superscripts are significantly (p < 0.05) different.

Table 3.

Membrane stabilization capacity of FRF, TRF, and ARF of S. linifolia on hypotonicity-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation.

Concentrations (µg/mL)	FRF	TRF	ARF
Proteinase (% inhibition)
50	20.80 ± 0.42^c	14.40 ± 0.29^b	15.84 ± 2.30^b
100	23.71 ± 0.79^b	18.75 ± 1.56^a	18.13 ± 2.20^a
200	30.46 ± 8.34^a	20.78 ± 3.14^c	20.92 ± 1.81^c
400	33.27 ± 6.25^d	27.09 ± 8.00^d	33.44 ± 3.09^d
800	39.96 ± 9.37^e	32.04 ± 5.63^e	39.85 ± 2.93^e
Aspirin (50 µg/mL)	62.64 ± 3.84^f	62.64 ± 3.84^f	62.64 ± 3.84^f
Phospholipase A₂ (% inhibition)
50	59.85 ± 24.63^b	41.00 ± 3.12^a	42.25 ± 5.69^b
100	82.57 ± 5.89^c	58.87 ± 2.41^b	61.78 ± 0.72^a
200	84.61 ± 2.51^a	69.69 ± 4.767^c	62.00 ± 6.86^c
400	73.77 ± 8.96^d	70.63 ± 4.03^d	62.47 ± 10.47^c
800	85.90 ± 2.67^a	60.08 ± 6.44^e	69.82 ± 7.14^d
Prednisolone (50 µg/mL)	76.01 ± 1.52^e	76.01 ± 1.52^f	76.01 ± 1.52^e
Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Values with different letter superscripts are significantly (p < 0.05) different.

Table 4.

Effect of FRF, TRF, and ARF of S. linifolia on proteinase and phospholipase A₂ activities.

Treatments (mg/kg bw, po, ELES)	No. of animals used	No. of deaths recorded
10	3	0
100	3	0
1,000	3	0
1,700	3	0
3,000	3	0
5,000	3	0
n = 3; po = per oral treatment; bw = body weight.