Figures (2)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Flowchart showing the different stages of somatic embryogenesis in banana.

    • Figure 2. 

      Types of callus formed in banana: (a) white and compact (non-embryogenic), (b) clear and friable, (c) non-embryogenic yellow nodular, and (d) ideal callus with translucent proembryos.

    • Cultivar Genetic group Explants used EC ECS Ref.
      Calcutta 4 AA Scalps
      Axillary buds      		 x x [110]
      Lakatan AA Shoot tips x x [30]
      Highgate AAA Scalps x [47]
      Yangambi km5 AAA Immature flowers x [90]
      Williams AAA Scalps
      Immature flowers      		 x x [47,109,16,
      92,113]
      Grand Nain AAA Scalps
      Immature flowers
      Shoot tips      		 x x [37,47,111,
      112,39,92,9]
      Nanicão AAA Leaf sheath disks x [27]
      Gros Michel AAA Immature flowers x x [90,113]
      Lady finger AAB Scalps x [47]
      Prata AAB Scalps x [47,114]
      Saba ABB Immature flowers
      Scalps      		 x x [106,115]
      Cardaba ABB Scalps, shoot tips x [106,116,117]
      Bluggoe ABB Shoot tips
      Scalps      		 x x [26,118]

      Table 1. 

      Cultivars with successful embryogenic callus (EC) and cell suspension (ECS) protocols.

    • Explant used Hormones tested (mg/L) Ref.
      2,4-D IAA NAA KIN 2iP BAP TDZ 4-CPPU ZEATIN Picloram Dicamba
      Immature flowers 2−6 1 1 [107,121,16,111,
      92,82,119,120,
      122,52,123,39]
      2−9 [62,37,125,16,112,13]
      2 [126]
      2 0.5−1 [111]
      1 0.22 [54]
      Scalps 1 0.22 [106,118,127,115,109,
      114,54,113,110,48]
      2−2.9 2.2−3.2 [128]
      6.4 [128]
      5.7 [128]
      Shoot tips 0.05 1 [9]
      0.1−4 [9]
      Leaf sheaths & rhizomes 6.63 [129]
      Protoplasts 2 [29]
      Leaf sheath disks 1.1 6.64 [22]
      100 100 [27]
      Sword suckers 0.5-2 0.5 [28]

      Table 2. 

      Synthetic hormones commonly used for embryogenic callus induction in Musa spp.

    • ComponentsMA2ZZ1M2bECS1BM2SK4SS2IM1
      Macro-elementsMS1/2MS1/2MS1/2MSMSMSMSSH
      MicroelementsMSMSMSMSMSMSMSSH
      VitaminsMAMSDhed'aMSMSMSMSMS
      FeEDTA+−−−−−−−
      2,4-D (mg/L)1111
      Picloram0.11
      Zeatin (mg/L)0.2190.2190.219
      BAP (mg/L)0.05
      Coconut water (%)10
      Biotin (mg/L)11
      Casein hydrolysate200
      Ascorbic acid (mg/L)101010
      Malt extract (mg/L)100100100100100
      Amino acidsGlutamine
      100 g/L      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L
      Proline
      4 mg/L      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L
      SugarSaccharose
      45 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      20 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      45 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L
      pH5.35.85.85.85.35.85.85.8
      Cultivars testedGrand Nain, Tropical, Rasthali,Somrani monthan,
      High gate, Williams,
      Gros Michel, Lady
      finger, Prata      		Mas, Bluggoe,
      Saba, Cardaba      		Calcutta 4RajeliDwarf BrazilianGrand NainGrand Nain, Ardhapuri, Basrai, Shrimanti, Mutheli, Lalkela and
      Safed Velchi
      Ref.[39,107,90,131,52][39,54,113,48][118,130,115][110][82][121][9][111]
      Ma2, M2b, BM2, SK4, IM1-immature flower method; ECS1, ZZI-scalps method; SS2-split shoot tips.

      Table 3. 

      Culture media used for formation of somatic embryos in banana.

    • ComponentsMA3RD1BM3SK8MMSS3IM2M3b
      Macro-elementsSH1/2MSSH1/2MSSHMSSHMS
      MicroelementsSHMSSHMSMSMSSHMS
      VitaminsMAMSMSMSMSMSMSMS
      FeEDTA+−−−−−−−
      2,4-D (mg/L)1
      BAP (mg/L)50.050.05
      IAA (mg/L)0.2
      NAA (mg/L)0.20.2
      Zeatin (mg/L)0.050.05
      Kinetin (mg/L)0.10.1
      2iP (mg/L)0.2
      Picloram (mg/L)0.1
      Myo-inositol (mg/L)100100
      Biotin (mg/L)1
      Ascorbic acid (mg/L)10
      Malt extract (mg/L)100100100100
      Amino acidsGlutamine
      100 mg/L
      Proline
      230 mg/L      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L
      		Glutamine
      100 mg/L
      SugarSaccharose
      45 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      45 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Saccharose
      45 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L
      Gelling agent (g/L)Phytagel
      4 g/L      		Gelrite
      3 g/L      		Gelrite
      2 g/L      		Phytagel
      2.6 g/L      		Gelrite
      2 g/L      		Gelrite
      3 g/L      		−−
      pH5.85.85.85.85.85.85.85.8
      Cultivars testedGrand Nain, Gros Michel, WilliamsGrand Nain, Calcutta 4,
      Somrani monthan,
      High gate, Williams,
      Lady finger, Prata      		Rajeli, Grand
      Nain, Tropical      		Dwarf BrazilianGrand Nain; RasthaliGrand NainGrand Nain, Ardhapuri, Basrai, Shrimanti,
      Mutheli, Lalkela,
      Safed Velchi      		Bluggoe, Saba,
      Cardaba
      Ref.[39,107,125][47,110,54,113][82,123,124][121,132][125,16,52][9][111][118,115]
      Ma3, BM3, SK8, MM , IM2, M3b-immature flower method; RDI-scalps method; SS3-split shoot tips.

      Table 4. 

      Culture media used for somatic embryo maturation in banana.

    • ComponentsMA4RD2BM5SK10M4SS4IM3SB4
      Macro-elementsMS1/2 MSSHMSMSMS1/2 MSMS
      MicroelementsMSMSSHMSMSMSMSMS
      VitaminsMorelMSMSMorelMorelMorelMSMorel
      FeEDTA+−−−−−−+
      IAA (mg/L)2.02
      BAP (mg/L)0.50.2270.520.4
      NAA (mg/L)0.5
      Zeatin (mg/L)2
      Myo-inositol (mg/L)100
      Ascorbic acid (mg/L)10
      Activated charcoal (%)0.5
      Lactose (g/L)0.1
      SugarSaccharose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Saccharose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L      		Sucrose
      30 g/L
      Gelling agent (g/L)Phytagel
      3 g/L      		Gelrite
      3 g/L      		Gelrite
      3 g/L      		Phytagel
      2.6 g/L      		Gelrite
      2 g/L      		Gelrite
      3 g/L      		Gelrite
      2 g/L      		Gelrite
      2 g/L
      pH5.85.85.85.85.75.85.85.8
      Cultivars testedGrand Nain, Tropical, Rasthali, Calcutta 4Somrani monthan,
      High gate, Williams,
      Lady finger, Prata      		RajeliDwarf BrazilianMasGrand NainGrand Nain, Ardhapuri,Basrai, Shrimanti, Mutheli, Lalkela and
      Safed Velchi      		Bluggoe, Saba,
      Cardaba
      Ref.[39,107,125,110,52,123][47,54,113,48][82][121,130][13]
      		[9][111][118,115]
      Ma4, BM5, SK10, IM3, SB4-immature flower method; RD2-scalps method; SS4-split shoot tips.

      Table 5. 

      Culture conditions used for plant regeneration from somatic embryos of banana.