Figures (3)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Medicinal response to the endophytes.

    • Figure 2. 

      Medicinal plants response to the pathogens and herbivores.

    • Figure 3. 

      Plant synthetic responses to the abiotic factors 1-5; majore group of secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathways.

    • Metabolites Endophytes Accumulation change Plants References
      Ginsenoside Bacillus altitudinis KX230132.1 Increased Panax ginseng [17]
      Ginsenoside Rg3 Burkholderia sp. GE 17-7 Increased Panax ginseng [18]
      Camptothecin Kytococcus schroeteri Increased Ephedra foliata [19]
      Berberine Microbacterium and Burkholderia Increased Coptis teeta [20]
      Guignarderemophilanes A-E Guignardia mangiferae Increased Gelsemium elegans [21]
      Grignard dene A Guignardia mangiferae Increased Gelsemium elegans [21]
      Grignard lactone A Naphthomycins A, D, E, L, K, O-Q Streptomyces sp. Increased Maytenus hookeri [22]
      Cedarmycin B Daunorubicin Paenibacillus polymyxa Increased Ephedra foliata [19]
      Hookerolide Streptomyces sp. Increased Maytenus hookeri [23]
      Benzoic acid phthalic acid Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus mojavensis Increased Glycyrrhiza uralensis [24]
      5,7-Dimethoxy-4-phenylcoumarin Streptomyces aureofaciens Increased Zingiber officinale [25]
      Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bacillus subtilis Increased Thymus vulgaris [26]
      1,3- dimethyl-, p-xylene dibutyl phthalate Tetracosane 1- –Heptacosano Nocardiopsis sp. Increased Zingiber officinale [27]
      Sesquiterpenoids Pseudomonas fluorescens Increased Atractylodes macrocephala [28]
      Essential oil Pseudomonas fluorescens Increased Atractylodes lancea [29]
      Ligustrazine Bacillus subtilis Increased Ligusticum chuanxiong [30]
      Morphine Marmoricola sp. and Acinetobacter sp. Increased Papaver somniferum L. [31]
      Forskolin Fusarium redolens, Phialemoniopsis cornearis, and Macrophomina pseudophaseolina Increased Coleus forskohlii [32]

      Table 1. 

      Endophytes increase the accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants.

    • MetabolitesStressAffectsPlantsReferences
      Flavonol, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetinCold stressIncreasedBrassica oleracea L., var. sabellica[62]
      TerpenoidsCold stressIncreasedPolygonum minus[63]
      CarotenoidCold stressIncreasedSugarcane[63]
      AlkaloidsCold stressIncreasedArabidopsis[17]
      Total phenolicCold stressDecreasedEleutherococcus senticosus
      (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.      		[64]
      FlavanolCold stressDecreasedPolygonum minus Huds.[63]
      ArtemisininCold stressIncreasedArtemisia sp.[65]
      AutrescineHeat stressIncreasedOryza sativa L.[66]
      Tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanineHeat stressDecreasedRicinus communis[67]
      FlavonoidsHeat stressDecreasedVigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek[68]
      Hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforinHeat stressIncreasedSt. John's wort[17]
      Alkaloid ricineHeat stressIncreasedCaster bean[67]

      Table 2. 

      List of metabolites that are affected by temperature variation in different medicinal plants.

    • Metabolites Chemicals Affects Plants References
      Total phenolics Elevated CO2 Increased Populus tremula L. [88]
      Tannins Elevated CO2 Increased Zingiber officinale Roscoe [89−91]
      Total and individual phenolics and antioxidant Elevated CO2 Decreased Oryza sativa L. [92]
      Terpene Elevated CO2 Increased Phaseolus lunatus L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. [93,94]
      Morphine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine Elevated CO2 Increased Papaver setigerum L. [17]

      Table 3. 

      Elevated CO2 affected the accumulation of secondary metabolites.