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    • Figure 1. 

      The analysis of volatile components in four perilla cultivars. (a) the phenotype of four chemical types of Perilla; (b) The GC-MS analysis of volatile essential components from four Perilla leaves; (c) The heat map of metabolite contents in four Perilla leaves.

    • Figure 2. 

      Different expression genes and KEGG enrichment analysis of four chemotype Perilla cultivars. The intersection of PA, PL, PK, PT4 chemotypes with the other 3 chemotypes was indicated in the Venn diagram; (b, d, f) H: KEGG enrichment analysis of special up-expressed genes in PA, PL, PK, PT-type, respectively.

    • Figure 3. 

      Synthesis pathway and single thread synthesis pathway of P. frutescens isoprene. The MEP pathway:1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS); 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR); 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MCT); 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (CMK); 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (MDS/MECPS); (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase (HDS); 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR); The MVA pathway: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT); hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS); hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR); mevalonate kinase (MVK); phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK); diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (MPDC); isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase (IPPI); farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS); geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS); geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPS); limonene synthase (LMS); isopiperitenol dehydrogenase (ID); pulegone reductase (PR); alcohol dehydrogenase (AD).

    • Figure 4. 

      The PfTPS Gene Family Characteristics in P. frutescens. A-E: the phylogenetic tree evolutionary tree, conservative domain, gene structure, protein motifs and expression heatmap of PfTPS genes; F: The Subfamily classification of PfTPS Family (LLS: linalool synthase; GS: geraniol synthase; LMS: limonene synthase); G: Chromosomal localization and collinearity analysis of Perilla; H: Collinearity analysis of TPS in Perilla and S. baicalensis.

    • Figure 5. 

      The co-expression analysis and verification of PfTPSs. (a-d) The co-expression analysis with core PfTPSs, including PfTPS18 (a), PfTPS46 (b), PfTPS47 (c), PfTPS49 and other five PfTPSs (d). (e) The qRT-PCR verification of PfTPS genes and MVA pathway genes (qRT-PCR results (left, line) and transcription results (right, bar)).

    • Figure 6. 

      Functional characterization of four PfTPSs. (a) Heterologous functional characterization of PfTPS46-PL and (b) the in vitro enzymatic reaction of PfTPS46-PL; (c) Heterologous functional characterization and (d) the in vitro enzymatic reaction of PfTPS46-PK, PfTPS18-PA and PfTPS49-PA; (e) Heterologous functional characterization and (f) the in vitro enzymatic reaction of PfTPS47-PA. (g) the catalytic model of four PfTPSs