Figures (3)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Essential oils mechanism of action and the challenges faced in food industry application for their consumption.

    • Figure 2. 

      Different approaches to synthesize nanocarriers.

    • Figure 3. 

      Different lab instruments are used to make nanocarriers.

    • Sample Carrier Biological activities Ref.
      Basil EOs Nanoliposomes Antimicrobial [86]
      Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil, black seed (Nigella sativa) oil, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, garlic (Allium sativum) oil, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) oil and green tea (Camellia sinensis) Nanoliposomes Antimicrobial pathogenic E. coli [87]
      Eugenol isoeugenol estragole and trans-anethole Cyclodextrin and liposomes Antibacterial activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis [88]
      Alpinia galanga EOs Liposomes (EO-Lip) Antioxidant and bacteriostatic properties [89]
      Achillea millefolium EOs (A. millefolium EOs) Nano-liposomes/
      nano-niosomes      		 Anitmicrobial [90]
      Litsea cubeba EOs (LCEO) Inclusion complex (IC) Antifungal activity against P. italicum and
      G. citri-aurantii      		 [91]
      Cinnamon oil Inclusion complex
      (IC beta-cyclodextrin      		 Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense-TR4 (Foc-TR4) [92]
      Tea tree oil (TTO) Inclusion complexes Antifungal activity against B. cinerea
      Eucalyptus globulus and lemongrass
      (Cymbopogon flexuosus) EOs      		 Nanoemulsions Antifungal activity against Candida albicans,
      Cymbopogon flexuosus
      		[93]
      Croton caracara 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich EOs (NECC) Nanoemulsions Antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Mucor ramosissimu [94]
      Essential oils of eucalyptus, clove, thymus Nanoemulsions Antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata [95]
      Green tea essential oil (GTO) Nanoemulsion Antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae [96]
      Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde-loaded liposomes Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [97]
      Citrus limon var. pompia essential oil Phospholipid vesicles. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans [98]
      Mentha pulegium essential oil (MPO) Nanostructured lipid carriers (MPO-NLCs) Antiinflammatory, antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [99]
      Sunflower, olive, corn, peanut, coconut, castor,
      and sweet almond, and essential (eucalyptus) oils      		 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities [100]
      Peppermint EO Solid lipid nanoparticle Antibacterial activity against food-borne bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 [101]
      Cinnamon oil Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and chitosan nanoparticles Antibacterial actions against Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli [102]
      Oliveria decumbens Vent. (OEO) and Basil EOs Nanocapsules Enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant activity on minced beef preservation [65]
      Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) EO NLCs Films containing essential oils for the preservation of apples, strawberries, and ground beef [103]
      Apium graveolens EOs Nanobiopolymer Antifungal activity for rice. Food safety application [72]
      Limonene Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) Controlled release, antioxidant activity [104]
      Thyme oil (TEO) Polyamidoamine dendritic polymer (PAMAM) Antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [105]
      Ginger, cumin, black pepper EOs Electrospun nanofiber films Antifungal activity against Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. [106]
      Zanthoxylum bungeanum EOs Polyvinyl alcohol/β-Cyclodextrin (PVA/β-CD, 6:1) nanofibers Antifungal package materials to improve the shelf life of fruits [64,107]
      Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. EOs Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers Antifungal activity against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger [108]
      Citrus reticulata EO Nanocapsules Antioxidant activity, antifungal activity [77]
      Thyme oil and betel leaf oil Polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers Disease control on anthracnose disease [109]
      Lemon grass oil Nanofibers Antifungal activity [110]
      Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZMEO) Electrospun gliadin nanofibers Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus [111]
      Callistemon viminalis (EOs). IC (EOC/β-CD) Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity [112]
      Inclusion complex based
      on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)
      and LCEO      		 Antimicrobial activities against pathogens Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Geotrichum citri-aurantii [113]

      Table 1. 

      Different EOs are encapsulated in various nanocarriers to enhance their biological activities for various food industry applications.