Microfluidization of tender coconut water and its impact on spoilage enzymes and physicochemical properties

P. S. Sruthi; A. Vanmathi Mugasundari; Shubham Nimbkar; Jeyan Arthur Moses; Vadakeppulpara Ramachandran Sinija; P. S. Sruthi; A. Vanmathi Mugasundari; Shubham Nimbkar; Jeyan Arthur Moses; Vadakeppulpara Ramachandran Sinija

doi:10.48130/fia-0024-0030

Figures (4) Tables (2)

Figure 1.
Images of control (without microfluidization treatment) and microfludized TCW samples, showing insignificant visual changes.
Figure 2.
Influence of microfluidization on (a) PPO, and (b) POD activity in TCW samples.
Figure 3.
(a) Protein content, and (b) total sugar content of control and microfluidized TCW samples.
Figure 4.
(a) Total phenolic content (TPC), (b) total flavonoid content (TFC), and (c) % radical scavenging activity (RSA) of control and microfluidized TCW samples.

Model	Pressure (MPa)	PPO		POD
Model	Pressure (MPa)	k (pass⁻¹)	R²	k (pass⁻¹)	R²
Zero order	70	3.0079 ± 0.2043	0.48	4.0982 ± 0.2052	0.65
	140	3.1576 ± 0.2266	0.89	2.4915 ± 0.1483	0.84
	210	6.085 ± 0.1999	0.96	2.2642 ± 0.1068	0.99
First order	70	0.0352 ± 0.0026	0.49	0.0518 ± 0.0034	0.64
	140	0.0359 ± 0.0028	0.88	0.0294 ± 0.0014	0.85
	210	0.0866 ± 0.0037	0.96	0.0252 ± 0.0013	0.99

Table 1.

PPO and POD inactivation kinetic parameters and coefficient of determination (R²) of zero-order and first-order models at different microfluidization pressures.

Sample		Color (ΔE)	L*	a*	b*	Turbidity (%)	TSS (°Brix)	pH	TA (%)
Control/untreated TCW		NA	5.770 ± 0.670^Aa	−0.320 ± 0.05^Aa	−1.970 ± 0.060^Aa	2.59 ± 0.14^Aa	5.20 ± 0.00^Aa	5.50 ± 0.01^Aa	0.06 ± 0.00^Aa
Pressure (MPa)	No. of passes/cycles
70	3	0.26 ± 0.025^Aa	6.035 ± 0.007^Bb	−0.335 ± 0.106^Ab	−1.745 ± 0.035^Ba	3.22 ± 0.28^Ba	5.05 ± 0.40^Aa	5.50 ± 0.01^Ab	0.06 ± 0.004^Aa
	5	0.34 ± 0.017^Ac	6.465 ± 0.035^Bb	−0.335 ± 0.035^Ac	−2.210 ± 0.041^Bb	3.54 ± 0.20^Bb	5.00 ± 0.04^Aa	5.51 ± 0.01^Ab	0.05 ± 0.006^Aa
	7	0.55 ± 0.004^Ab	6.390 ± 0.028^Bc	−0.330 ± 0.014^Abc	−2.165 ± 0.035^Bcf	5.31 ± 0.25^Bc	5.01 ± 0.23^Aa	5.49 ± 0.01^Aab	0.05 ± 0.001^Aa
	9	0.61 ± 0.011^Ab	6.565 ± 0.021^Bd	−0.375 ± 0.007^Ac	−2.180 ± 0.042^Bdf	6.19 ± 0.03^Bd	5.00 ± 0.32^Aa	5.50 ± 0.00^Aab	0.04 ± 0.001^Aa
	11	0.72 ± 0.032^Ad	7.480 ± 0.042^Be	−0.385 ± 0.007^Abc	−2.230 ± 0.057^Be	6.24 ± 0.06^Be	5.00 ± 0.39^Aa	5.47 ± 0.02^Aa	0.05 ± 0.001^Aa
140	3	0.92 ± 0.033^Ba	5.660 ± 0.014^Ab	−0.335 ± 0.106^Bb	−1.610 ± 0.077^Ca	3.77 ± 0.11^Ca	5.03 ± 0.04^Aa	5.55 ± 0.06^Ab	0.05 ± 0.004^Aca
	5	1.46 ± 0.044^Bc	6.110 ± 0.007^Ab	−0.500 ± 0.035^Bc	−1.740 ± 0.007^Cb	4.93 ± 0.08^Cb	5.01 ± 0.01^Aa	5.51 ± 0.00^Ab	0.05 ± 0.003^Aca
	7	1.55 ± 0.019^Bb	6.740 ± 0.021^Ac	−0.430 ± 0.007^Bbc	−1.680 ± 0.014^Ccf	5.02 ± 0.06^Cc	5.01 ± 0.01^Aa	5.48 ± 0.01^Aab	0.05 ± 0.006^Aca
	9	1.61 ± 0.010^Bb	5.900 ± 0.014^Ad	−0.410 ± 0.021^Bc	−1.590 ± 0.014^Cdf	5.28 ± 0.03^Cd	5.00 ± 0.00^Aa	5.47 ± 0.03^Aab	0.04 ± 0.010^Aca
	11	2.42 ± 0.015^Bd	6.090 ± 0.028^Ae	−0.320 ± 0.021^Bbc	−1.800 ± 0.014^Ce	7.22 ± 0.08^Ce	5.00 ± 0.00^Aa	5.45 ± 0.03^Aa	0.04 ± 0.013^Aca
210	3	1.59 ± 0.221^Ba	15.870 ± 0.537^Cb	−0.490 ± 0.014^Cb	0.460 ± 0.014^Da	4.23 ± 0.16^Da	5.43 ± 0.53^Aa	5.52 ± 0.01^Bb	0.03 ± 0.030^BCa
	5	2.43 ± 0.521^Bc	15.020 ± 0.255^Cb	−0.550 ± 0.014^Cc	−0.400 ± 0.071^Db	5.64 ± 0.07^Db	5.30 ± 0.42^Aa	5.51 ± 0.01^Bb	0.03 ± 0.028^BCa
	7	2.98 ± 0.031^Bb	10.460 ± 0.070^Cc	−0.610 ± 0.007^Cbc	−0.770 ± 0.028^Dcf	6.88 ± 0.15^Dc	5.41 ± 0.56^Aa	5.48 ± 0.01^Bab	0.03 ± 0.028^BCa
	9	3.16 ± 0.076^Bb	9.010 ± 0.007^Cd	−0.620 ± 0.028^Cc	−0.960 ± 0.021^Ddf	7.41 ± 0.13^Dd	5.40 ± 0.57^Aa	5.49 ± 0.00^Bab	0.02 ± 0.023^BCa
	11	4.61 ± 0.018^Bd	10.680 ± 0.028^Ce	−0.620 ± 0.021^Cbc	−0.880 ± 0.014^De	8.62 ± 0.39^De	5.35 ± 0.49^Aa	5.46 ± 0.00^Ba	0.02 ± 0.026^BCa
Uppercase letters (A, B and C) and lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, and e) indicate significant differences between pressure and number of passes/cycles, respectively, at a 5% level of significance (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Effect of microfluidization on physicochemical properties of TCW.