Figures (6)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Callus cultivated from petiole. (a)−(f) Corresponding to the results of petiole induction callus in the T1−T6 group, respectively; (g), (h) Green granular callus. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 2. 

      Calli cultivated from leaves. (a)−(f) Corresponding to the results of leaf induction callus in the T1−T6 group. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 3. 

      Induction and histological observation of callus from petioles and leaves. (a), (e) Callus I. (b), (f) Callus II. (c), (g) Callus III. (d), (h) Callus IV, scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 4. 

      Callus proliferation effect. (a)−(g) Correspond to the results of callus-induced callus proliferation in D1−D6 and CK groups for 30 d. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 5. 

      Rooting results at 30 d. (a)−(i) Correspond to the 30 d rooting results of the R1−R9 groups, respectively. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 6. 

      Transplanting of sterile bulbs. (a) Sterile bulbs of different sizes. (b) Growth state of sterile bulbs transplanted for 20 d. (c) Growth state of sterile bulbs transplanted for 45 d. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Treatment TDZ concentrations (mg·L−1) Callus status Callus volume Granular callus induction rate (%) Differentiation rate/% Differentiation coefficient
      T1 0.00 White, loose Only produced at both ends
      of the wound      		 15.43 ± 5.05de 98.67 ± 1.44a 11.19 ± 0.45a
      T2 0.50 Purple, granular, loose Produced at whole petioles 45.48 ± 5.07ab 65.00 ± 5.00b 3.19 ± 0.27b
      T3 1.00 Purple, granular Produced at whole petioles 53.33 ± 7.64a 58.33 ± 2.89c 3.06 ± 0.35b
      T4 1.50 Purple, granular Produced at whole petioles 32.87 ± 9.31bc 43.33 ± 0.06e 2.39 ± 0.32c
      T5 2.00 Purple, granular,
      partial white loose      		 Produced at whole petioles 7.78 ± 7.69f 52.22 ± 1.93d 2.40 ± 0.18c
      T6 2.50 Purple, granular,
      partial white loose      		 Produced at whole petioles 27.78 ± 1.92cd 52.22 ± 13.88d 3.39 ± 0.49b
      The data are mean ± standard deviation. Different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

      Table 1. 

      Effects of different TDZ concentrations on callus induction and differentiation of petiole.

    • Treatment TDZ concentrations (mg·L−1) Callus volume Initial induction of callus (d) Differentiation rate (%) Differentiation coefficient
      T1 0.00 Only produced around the wound 24 97.38 ± 2.27a 9.23 ± 0.64a
      T2 0.50 Produced at whole leaves 15 25.56 ± 7.70b 4.26 ± 0.52bc
      T3 1.00 Produced at whole leaves 15 11.11 ± 1.93cd 4.33 ± 2.75bc
      T4 1.50 Produced at whole leaves 15 8.33 ± 2.89d 1.5 ± 0.50c
      T5 2.00 Produced at whole leaves 15 13.33 ± 7.64cd 5.33 ± 3.21b
      T6 2.50 Produced at whole leaves 15 29.47 ± 32.21bc 2.67 ± 0.95bc
      The data are mean ± standard deviation, and different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

      Table 2. 

      Effects of different TDZ concentrations on callus induction and differentiation of leaf leaves.

    • Treatment 6-BA concentration (mg·L−1) NAA concentration (mg·L−1) Biomass gain multiple Callus multiplier multiple Callus texture and color
      D1 0.50 0.20 3.23 ± 0.14b 3.22 ± 0.18a Purple, loose
      D2 1.50 0.20 4.23 ± 0.16a 3.47 ± 0.12a White, green, few bud points
      D3 2.50 0.20 3.37 ± 0.16b 3.29 ± 0.15a White, green, few bud points of granular callus
      D4 0.50 0.40 3.54 ± 0.67b 3.19 ± 0.10a White
      D5 1.50 0.40 3.43 ± 0.14b 3.33 ± 0.08a White, dense partial bud points
      D6 2.50 0.40 4.05 ± 0.37a 3.39 ± 0.29a Green, multiple differentiation numbers
      CK 0.00 0.00 1.93 ± 0.09c 1.86 ± 0.07b Green, browning on the lower part, low proliferation numbers
      The data are mean ± standard deviation, and different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

      Table 3. 

      Effects of different 6-BA and NAA concentrations on adventitious bud rooting.

    • Treatment Concentrations of IBA
      (mg·L−1)      		 Biomass gain multiple Plant status
      CK 0.00 4.51 ± 0.94e Slender petioles
      C1 0.10 6.92 ± 0.46c Slender and long petioles green leaves
      C2 0.20 11.60 ± 0.40b Purple petoiles big leaves
      C3 0.30 13.52 ± 0.41a Green petioles and leaves granular calli
      C4 0.40 5.95 ± 0.50cd Short plants
      C5 0.50 5.88 ± 0.41cd Short plants
      The data are mean ± standard deviation, and different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

      Table 4. 

      Effects of different IBA concentrations on the induction of adventitious buds.

    • Treatment Concentrations
      of IBA
      (mg·L−1)      		 Concentrations
      of NAA
      (mg·L−1)      		 Rooting
      rate (%)      		 Average number of roots
      (bar·plant−1)      		 Average root length (cm) Height (cm) Average bulb quantity
      (pcs)      		 Root growth
      status
      R1 0.00 0.00 91.11 ± 2.48f 7.11 ± 0.08f 1.82 ± 0.15abc 5.71 ± 0.31bcd 0.51 ± 0.32cd Lateral roots on the taproot, large leaves
      R2 0.10 0.00 92.22 ± 3.06e 5.33 ± 0.49g 1.53 ± 0.41abcde 5.10 ± 0.46d 0.95 ± 0.93bcd Few roots, long taproots
      R3 0.30 0.00 91.11 ± 2.48f 7.05 ± 0.91f 1.43 ± 0.25bcde 6.13 ± 0.10abc 0.00 ± 0.00d Few roots, thick taproots, no lateral root
      R4 0.00 0.30 93.33 ± 2.36d 6.33 ± 0.49fg 1.18 ± 0.10de 5.52 ± 0.63cd 0.37 ± 0.19d Thick taproots, no lateral root
      R5 0.10 0.30 91.11 ± 2.48f 12.89 ± 0.87d 1.63 ± 0.12abcd 6.46 ± 0.16ab 1.99 ± 0.79a Very thick taproots, no lateral root
      R6 0.30 0.30 100 ± 0.0a 28.16 ± 0.51a 1.96 ± 0.16a 6.62 ± 0.55ab 2.12 ± 0.44a Thick roots, no lateral roots,
      numerous roots
      R7 0.00 0.50 95.56 ± 3.42b 26.08 ± 0.33b 1.88 ± 0.06ab 7.04 ± 0.30a 2.24 ± 0.30a Thick taproots, no lateral root
      R8 0.10 0.50 94.44 ± 5.48c 28.25 ± 0.80a 1.40 ± 0.11cde 6.63 ± 0.18ab 1.50 ± 0.84abc Numerous and dense roots, but short, no lateral root
      R9 0.30 0.50 95.56 ± 6.34b 19.85 ± 0.40c 1.15 ± 0.14e 6.84 ± 0.37a 1.85 ± 0.46ab Thin, short, numerous root
      The data are mean ± standard deviation, and different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

      Table 5. 

      Effects of different concentrations of IBA and NAA on rooting.