Effects of freezing, irradiation, and aging processes on the volatile profile of Nellore beef

Marielle Maria de Oliveira Paula; Adelaide Florência Mateus Buchili; Lorena Mendes Rodrigues; Angélica Sousa Guimarães; Alcinéia de Lemos Souza Ramos; Eduardo Mendes Ramos; Marielle Maria de Oliveira Paula; Adelaide Florência Mateus Buchili; Lorena Mendes Rodrigues; Angélica Sousa Guimarães; Alcinéia de Lemos Souza Ramos; Eduardo Mendes Ramos

doi:10.48130/fmr-0024-0021

Figures (2) Tables (3)

Figure 1.
Bi-plot principal component analysis (PCA) of volatile compounds in muscles (L. lumborum) of Nellore cattle 1-d post-irradiation (3, 6, and 9 kGy). NF = chilled (never-frozen) samples; and FT (filled in gray) = frozen (−18 °C/24 h), irradiated (or not) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples.
Figure 2.
Bi-plot principal component analysis (PCA) of volatile compounds in muscles (L. lumborum) of Nellore cattle 14-d post-irradiation (3, 6, and 9 kGy). NF = chilled (never-frozen) samples; and FT (filled in gray) = frozen (−18 °C/24 h), irradiated (or not) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples.

Volatile compound	Non-irradiated		Irradiated		> Aging (d)		SEM
Volatile compound	NF	FT	NFI	FIT	1	14	SEM
Alcohols
1-Butanol, 3-methyl	18	nd	2^A	29^B	nd	28	7
1-Heptanol	22	11	5	5	4	12	4
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	107	165	123	142	6^A	261^B	20
1-Nonanol	118	139	35	27	nd	111	19
1-Octanol	352^A	196^B	203	174	172^A	248^B	24
Ethanol	27	29	10	15	10	23	4
Aldehydes
Butanal	11	nd	18^A	4^B	3^A	17^B	4
Butanal, 2-methyl	nd	18	nd	6	nd	9	3
Butanal, 3-methyl	nd	32	nd	12	nd	17	5
Decanal	100^A	27^B	45	70	14^A	104^A	12
Heptanal	145^A	46^B	135	137	125	127	15
Hexanal	264^A	35^B	275^A	208^B	245^A	192^B	23
Nonanal	1,821^A	1236^B	1,358	1,511	1,166^A	1,750^A	126
Octanal	435^A	246^B	368	372	326	399	40
Tetradecanal	183	147	250	223	98^A	339^A	20
Esters
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate	nd	8	47	15	nd	48	9
Ethyl acetate	36	nd	25^A	3^B	nd	30	9
Ethers
Propane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl	24^A	266^B	102^A	320^B	40^A	335^B	46
Hydrocarbons (aliphatic)
1-Dodecene	860	nd	nd	5	nd	218	107
1-Tridecene	20	nd	7	nd	nd	10	3
1-Undecene	33^A	112^B	235^A	313^B	nd	447	77
Heptane	nd	12	8^A	18^B	1^A	21^B	1
Hexane	218^A	687^B	453	452	192^A	712^B	93
Hexane, 2,2,5-trimethyl	nd	7	nd	5	nd	5	2
Nonane	9	nd	4	1	nd	6	2
Octane	135^A	92^B	101	89	31^A	169^B	15
Pentane, 2,3,4-trimethyl	nd	11	nd	5	nd	7	2
Pentane, 3-methyl	18^A	162^B	82	112	16^A	174^B	26
Hydrocarbons (alicyclic)
Cyclopentane, methyl	19^A	264^B	186	194	29^A	327^B	46
Hydrocarbons (aromatic)
Benzene	nd	nd	19	4	4	13	3
Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)	nd	nd	149^A	19^B	nd	126	22
Benzene, methyl (Toluene)	72^A	752^B	726^A	664^B	122^A	1127^B	137
Ketones
2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy (Acetoin)	247^A	184^B	23^A	322^B	105^A	262^B	69
2-Dodecanone	nd	nd	15	17	nd	24	7
2-Heptanone	99	nd	11	12	nd	42	13
2-Propanone	60	35	40	34	44	35	4
Sulfur compounds
Sulfide, dimethyl	39	38	96	54	48	84	10
Σ Alcohols	644	540	378	393	192	682	47
Σ Aldehydes	2,959	1,786	2,450	2,543	1,977	2,954	204
Σ Esters	36	8	72	18	nd	78	14
Σ Ethers	24	266	200	204	40	335	46
Σ Hydrocarbons	1,383	2,098	1,970	1,882	396	3,363	304
Σ Ketones	407	219	89	386	150	364	73
Σ Sulfur compounds	39	38	96	54	48	84	10
Total	5,491	4,956	5,255	5,481	2,803	7,861	455
Treatments (from four animal pooled samples): NF = chilled (never-frozen) samples; FT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples; NFI = never-frozen irradiated (3, 6 and 9 kGy) samples; FIT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h), irradiated (3, 6, and 9 kGy) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples; SEM = standard error of the mean (n = 12). Uppercase letters A and B represent followed by different letters in each row, corresponding to different groups (non-irradiated, irradiated, and aging), differ (p < 0.05) by F test.

Table 1.

Average values (total ion count ×10⁴) of volatile compounds identified in irradiated (up to 9 kGy) and non-irradiated Nellore cattle muscles (L. lumborum) regard aging and freezing treatments.

Volatile compound	Non-irradiated		Irradiated		SEM
Volatile compound	NF	FT	NFI	FIT	SEM
Alcohols
1-Heptanol	nd	nd	nd	10	3
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	7^a	nd	nd	14^b	5
1-Octanol	179	189	178	159	26
Ethanol	32^a	18^ab	6^b	4^b	5
Aldehydes
Butanal	nd	nd	7	nd	2
Decanal	nd	nd	11	27	6
Heptanal	90^b	26^b	159^a	136^a	22
Hexanal	172^b	63^c	294^a	281^a	30
Nonanal	1,029^ab	940^b	1,221^a	1,232^a	150
Octanal	253^b	218^b	367^a	346^a	50
Tetradecanal	59^b	48^b	115^a	111^a	9
Ethers
Propane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl	49^b	82^a	48^b	15^c	9
Hydrocarbons (aliphatic)
Heptane	nd	nd	3	nd	1
Hexane	436^a	362^a	152^b	96^b	38
Octane	22	23	38	29	3
Pentane, 3-methyl	35	44	10	8	4
Hydrocarbons (alicyclic)
Cyclopentane, methyl	37^ab	54^a	31^b	15^c	7
Hydrocarbons (aromatic)
Benzene	nd	nd	8	4	2
Benzene, methyl (Toluene)	145^ab	113^b	168^a	72^b	28
Ketones
2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy (Acetoin)	468^a	369^b	nd	2^c	73
2-Propanone	44	39	43	48	3
Sulfur compounds
Sulfide, dimethyl	nd	nd	78	49	10
Σ Alcohols	218	208	184	187	28
Σ Aldehydes	1,602	1,295	2,173	2,134	245
Σ Ethers	49	82	48	15	9
ΣHydrocarbons	674	595	409	224	69
Σ Ketones	512	408	43	50	74
Σ Sulfur compounds	nd	nd	78	49	10
Total	3,056	2,588	2,933	2,659	319
Treatments (from four animal pooled samples): NF = chilled (never-frozen) samples; FT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples; NFI = never-frozen irradiated (3, 6, and 9 kGy) samples; FIT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h), irradiated (3, 6, and 9 kGy) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples. SEM = standard error of the mean (n = 6). Lowercase letters a−c represent followed by different letters in each row differ (p < 0.05) by Tukey test.

Table 2.

Average values (total ion count ×10⁴) of volatile compounds identified in Nellore cattle muscles (L. lumborum) 1-day post-irradiation.

Volatile compound	Non-irradiated		Irradiated		SEM
Volatile compound	NF	FT	NFI	FIT	SEM
Alcohols
1-Butanol, 3-methyl	36^a	nd	3^b	59^a	13
1-Heptanol	44^a	21^ab	11^b	nd	7
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	207^b	330^a	246^ab	270^ab	24
1-Nonanol	236^a	278^a	70^b	54^b	35
1-Octanol	525^a	202^b	228^b	190^b	39
Ethanol	21	41	15	27	8
Aldehydes
Butanal	22^a	nd	30^a	8^b	7
Butanal, 2-methyl	nd	36^a	nd	12^b	5
Butanal, 3-methyl	nd	63^a	nd	24^b	9
Decanal	200^a	55^b	79^b	114^ab	20
Heptanal	201^a	66^b	112^b	138^ab	22
Hexanal	356^a	7^d	256^b	134^c	34
Nonanal	2,614^a	1,532^b	1,496^b	1,789^b	189
Octanal	616^a	274^b	369^b	398^b	62
Tetradecanal	306^b	246^b	385^a	335^ab	25
Esters
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate	nd	16^b	94^a	29^b	17
Ethyl acetate	71^a	nd	50^a	6^b	17
Ethers
Propane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl	nd	450^a	352^b	392^ab	85
Hydrocarbons (aliphatic)
1-Dodecene	1,719^a	nd	nd	10^b	215
1-Tridecene	40^a	nd	14^b	nd	6
1-Undecene	65^d	224^b	470^b	626^a	145
Heptane	nd	24	11	36	9
Hexane	nd	1,012^a	754^b	808^b	171
Hexane, 2,2,5-trimethyl	nd	14	nd	10	3
Nonane	18	nd	7	3	3
Octane	249^a	160^b	164^b	149^b	24
Pentane, 2,3,4-trimethyl	nd	21	nd	11	3
Pentane, 3-methyl	nd	280^a	155^a	217^a	48
Hydrocarbons (alicyclic)
Cyclopentane, methyl	nd	474^a	340^b	373^ab	84
Hydrocarbons (aromatic)
Benzene	nd	nd	31^a	4^b	6
Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)	nd	nd	299^a	38^b	41
Benzene, methyl (Toluene)	nd	1,391^a	1,284^a	1,256^a	243
Ketones
2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy (Acetoin)	27^b	nd	47^b	643^a	117
2-Dodecanone	nd	nd	30	35	14
2-Heptanone	198	nd	22	25	26
2-Propanone	77^a	31^b	37^b	21^b	7
Sulfur compounds
Sulfide, dimethyl	78^b	77^b	115^a	59^b	16
Σ Alcohols	1,069	872	572	599	66
Σ Aldehydes	4,315	2,278	2,727	2,953	306
Σ Esters	71	16	144	36	26
Σ Ethers	nd	450	352	392	85
Σ Hydrocarbons	2,091	3,600	3,530	3,541	478
Σ Ketones	302	31	135	723	126
Σ Sulfur compounds	78	77	115	59	16
Total	7,927	7,324	7,575	8,302	572
Treatments (from four animal pooled samples): NF = chilled (never-frozen) samples; FT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples; NFI = never-frozen irradiated (3, 6, and 9 kGy) samples; FIT = frozen (−18 °C/24 h), irradiated (3, 6, and 9 kGy) and thawed (4 °C/24 h) samples. SEM = standard error of the mean (n = 6). Lowercase letters a−d represent followed by different letters in each row differ (p < 0.05) by Tukey test.

Table 3.

Average values (total ion count ×10⁴) of volatile compounds identified in Nellore cattle muscles (L. lumborum) 14-d post-irradiation.