Figures (8)  Tables (6)

    • Figure 1. 

      Chemical constituents of Pleione. Phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives, flavones, lignans, and other compounds have been isolated from Pleione.

    • Figure 2. 

      Chemical structural formula of phenanthrene compounds from Pleione.

    • Figure 3. 

      Chemical structural formula of bibenzyl compounds from Pleione.

    • Figure 4. 

      Chemical structural formula of glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives from Pleione.

    • Figure 5. 

      Chemical structural formula of flavone and lignan compounds from Pleione.

    • Figure 6. 

      Pharmacological effects of Pleione: antitumor effect, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-dementia effect, affecting hematopoietic function, antioxygenation, and hypolipidemic effect.

    • Figure 7. 

      Antitumor effect of Pleione. Compounds bulbocodioidins A, B, D, batatasin III, gigantol, p-dihydroxybenzene, phoyunnanin A, shanciol F, 1,3',5',7-tetrahydroxy-4,7'-dimethoxy-9,9',10,10'tetrahydro-2,2'-biphenanthrene and (8R)-4,5'dihydroxy-8-hydroxymehtyl-3'-methoxydeoxybenzoin isolated from Pleione exhibited inhibitory activity against cancer cells.

    • Figure 8. 

      Shortcomings and future development prospects of Pleione. Wild resources of Pleione are seriously damaged and need to be sustainably preserved. The tiny seeds of the Pleione make it difficult for seedlings to germinate independently in the natural state, so it is necessary to establish a rapid and modern technique for the propagation of Pleione. Pleione has a wide range of pharmacological effects and is mainly used in clinical treatments. However, studies on the pharmacological effects and the action mechanism of Pleione have not been fully understood. Therefore, further studies should focus on elucidating the pharmacological effects and the action mechanism of Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      1−11 Bulbocodioidins A−K [23]
      12 (7'S,8'R)-7-hydroxy-7-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxy-phenyl)-8'-hydroxymethyl-5-methoy-9,10,7',8-tetrahydro-phenanthrene-[2,3-b]furan [23]
      13 Monbarbatain A [23]
      14 2,7,2'-trihydroxy-4,4',7'-trimethoxy-1,1'-biphenanthrene [23]
      15 Blestriarene A [23]
      16 Blestrianol A [23]
      17 1-p-hydroxybenzy1-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol [23]
      18 1-p-hydroxybenzy1-4-methoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol [23]
      19 Pleionesin E [23]
      20 Shanciol H [23]
      21 7-hydroxy-7'-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methoxy-9,10,7',8'-tetrahydrophenanthrene-[2,3-b]furan-8'-yl-methyl acetate [23]
      22 Pleionesin B [23]
      23 Pleionesin D [23]
      24 Hircinol [23]
      25 Coelonin [23]
      26 7-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-phenanthrene [24]
      27 Shancilin [25]
      28 Bletilol A [26]
      29 Bletilol B [26]
      30 Bletilol C [26]
      31 Shanciol [26]
      32−37 Shanciols C−H [27−30]
      38 (4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-10-hydroxymethyl-11-methoxy-5,6,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthrene[2,3-b]furan-3-ol [31]
      39 Hydroxy-9-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-11-methoxy-5,6,9,10-tetrahydroohenanthrene-azaspiro[2,3-b]furan-10-yl)methylethyl [32]
      40 2,7,2'-didroxy-4,4',7'-trimethoxy-1,1'-biphenanthrene [33]
      41 Phoyunnanin A [33]
      42 (4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol [33]
      43 4,4',7,7'-tetrahydroxy-2,2'-dimethoxy-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-1,1'-biphenanthrene [33]
      44 (9R) bulbocodioidin A [34]
      45 (9S) bulbocodioidin A [34]
      46 (9R) bulbocodioidin B [34]
      47 (9S) bulbocodioidin B [34]
      48 (9R) bulbocodioidin C [34]
      49 (9S) bulbocodioidin C [34]
      50 (10R) bulbocodioidin D [34]
      51 (10S) bulbocodioidin D [34]
      52 Lusianthridin [35]
      53 4,7-dihydroxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene [35]
      54 2,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene [35]
      55 2,7-dihydroxy-1-(p-Hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-9,10-diphenanthrene [35]
      56 Blestriarene C [35]
      57 1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-2,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene [35]
      58 Shancidin [35]
      59 Shancigusin G [35]
      60 Blestriarene B [36]
      61 Pleionesin A [36]
      62 Pleioanthrenin [37]
      63 (4-hydroxybenzyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2-ol [37]

      Table 1. 

      Phenanthrene compounds from Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      64 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,6-bis(p-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxybibenzyl [23]
      65 Gigantol [23,24]
      66 Batatasin III [23,38]
      67 Shanciguol [25]
      68 Shanciols A [27]
      69 Shanciols B [27]
      70 3'-O-methylbatatasin III [38]
      71 3,3'-dihydroxy-2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxybibenzyl [39]
      72 3',5-dihydroxy-2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-3-methoxybibenzyl [39]
      73 3,3'-dihydroxy-4-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxybibenzyl [39]
      74 Bulbocodin [39]
      75 Bulbocodin C [28]
      76 Bulbocodin D [28]
      77 Bulbocol [39]
      78 Dusuanlansins A [33]
      79 Dusuanlansins B [33]
      80 Dusuanlansins C [33]
      81 Dusuanlansins D [33]
      82 Bauhinol C [33]
      83 2,5,2',5'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxybibenzyl [33]
      84 2,5,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxybibenzyl [33]
      85 Arundinin [33]
      86 Isoarundinin I [33]
      87 Isoarundinin II [33]
      88 5-O-Methylshanciguol [33]
      89 Blestritin B [33]
      90 2-(4''-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3'-hydroxyphenethyl)-5-methoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione [31]
      91 6'-(3''-hydroxyphenethyl)-4'-methoxydiphenl-2,2',5'-triol [41]
      92 Batatsin III-3-O-glucoside [41]
      93 Gymconopin D [41]
      94 Arundin [37]
      95 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-3',5-dimethoxy-3-hydroxybibenzyl [37]
      96 Pleiobibenzynin A [37]
      97 Pleiobibenzynin B [37]
      98 3,5-Dimethoxy-3'-hydroxybibenzyl [35]
      99 Hydroxy-3',5-dimethxoybibenzyl [35]
      100 3,3'-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl [35]
      101 Shancigusin A [40]
      102 Shancigusin B [40]
      103 Shancigusin C [40]
      104 Shancigusin D [40]
      105 Shancigusin E [35]
      106 Shancigusin F [35]

      Table 2. 

      Bibenzyl compounds from Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      107 Pleionoside A [43,44]
      108 Pleionoside B [43,44]
      109 Pleionoside C [43,44]
      110 Pleionoside D [43,44]
      111 Pleionoside E [43,44]
      112 Pleionoside F [43,44]
      113 Pleionoside G [43]
      114 Pleionoside H [43]
      115 Pleionoside I [43]
      116 Pleionoside J [43]
      117 Vandateroside II [43]
      118 Grammatophylloside A [43]
      119 Grammatophylloside B [43]
      120 Cronupapine [43]
      121 Gymnoside I [43]
      122 Militarine [43]
      123 Dactylorhin A [43]
      124 Loroglossin [43]
      125 Shancigusins H [35]
      126 Shancigusins I [35]

      Table 3. 

      Glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives from Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      127 3,5,7,3'-tetrahydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)flavone [45]
      128 3,5,3'-trihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) Flavone [45]
      129 Isorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [45]
      130 3'-O-methylquercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [45]
      131 Amentoflavone [46]
      132 Kayaflavone [46]
      133 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone [47]

      Table 4. 

      Flavone compounds from Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      134 Sanjidin A [48]
      135 Sanjidin B [48]
      136 Syringaresinol mono-O-β-D-glucoside [43]
      137 Lirioresinol [45]
      138 Phillygenin [47]
      139 (E)-p-hydroxycinnamic acid [49]
      140 Epipinoresinol [35]
      141 Syringaresinol [35]

      Table 5. 

      Lignan compounds from Pleione.

    • No. Compound Ref.
      142 Tetracosanol [23]
      143 Gallicacid [23]
      144 Tetacosanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester [23]
      145 Chrysophanol [23]
      146 Monopalmttin [23]
      147 Methy(4-OH)phenylacetate [23]
      148 Methyl3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate [29]
      149 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [29]
      150 p-dihydroxy benzene [30]
      151 β-sitosterol [35]
      152 Daucostero [35]
      153 Amber acid [35]
      154 Adenosine [35]
      155 (24R)-cyclomargenyl p-coumarate [37]
      156 (24R)-cyclomargeno [37]
      157 Pleionol [39]
      158 p-hydroxybenzoic acid [41]
      159 p-hydroxybenzaldehyde [41]
      160 Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one [24]
      161 (7S,8R)-dehydrodiconiferyl [43]
      162 Gastrodin [43]
      163 Gastrodioside [45]
      164 Phenl-β-D-glucopyranoside [45]
      165 Hydroquinone [46]
      166 Methyl4-hydroxyphenylacetate [46]
      167 Physcion [46]
      168 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane [47]
      169 Pleionin [48]
      170 3-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid [49]
      171 Cinnamic acid [7]
      172 4-(ethoxymethyl)phenol [7]
      173 4-(methoxymethyl)phenol [7]
      174 Methyl3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate [7]
      175 4-oxopentanoic [7]
      176 (E)-ferulic acid [42]
      177 (E)-ferulic acid hexacosyl ester [42]
      178 (Z)-ferulic acid hexacosyl ester [42]
      179 β-daucosterol [42]
      180 Pholidotin [42]
      181 Triphyllol [42]
      182 3-hydroxybenzoic acid [40]
      183 4-(4''-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3'-hydroxy-phenethyl) furan [40]
      184 3-(3'-hydroxyphenethyl)furan-2(5H)-one [40]
      185 Methyl3-(3'-hydroxyphenethyl)furan-2(5H)-one [40]

      Table 6. 

      Other compounds from Pleione.