Figures (5)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Map of the study sites in Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape (MAPL), The Philippines.

    • Figure 2. 

      Distribution of 224 collected macrofungi in two collection sites (South and North Peak), in six collection months July to December (labelled as J, A, S, O, N, and D).

    • Figure 3. 

      Observed species diversity in the South Peak and North Peak of the Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape.

    • Figure 4. 

      Observed species diversity in different elevations: 100−250 masl, 251−500 masl, and 501−750 masl of the Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape.

    • Figure 5. 

      Macrofungi species collected in MAPL. (a) Lentinus tigrinus, (b) Trametes hirsutus, (c) Galiella rufa, (d) Ganoderma lucidum, (e) Auricularia auricula-judae, (f) Cyathus striatus, (g) Cookeina sp., (h) Schizophyllum commune, (i) Fomitopsis feei, and (j) Microporus xanthopus.

    • Species Edibility Substrate Growth habit Habitat
      Agaricus campestris edible soil /bamboo leaf litters solitary grassland
      Agaricus comtulus edible soil solitary grassland
      Agaricus moelleri not edible soil solitary grassland
      Agaricus trisulphuratus not edible soil solitary forest
      Amanita rubescens not edible rotten log gregarious grassland
      Amanita sp. 1 not edible soil scattered grassland
      Amanita sp. 2 not edible soil solitary forest
      Amanita sp. 3 not edible soil scattered grassland
      Amanita sp. 4 not edible dead log scattered grassland
      Amanita sp. 5 not edible soil scattered grassland
      Amanita sp. 6 not edible soil scattered forest
      Armillaria mellea edible soil gregarious grassland
      Auricularia auricula-judae edible dead mango stem scattered grassland, forest
      Auricularia polytricha edible dead trunk scattered forest
      Auricularia sp. 1 edible dead trunk scattered forest
      Calocera viscosa not edible soil solitary forest
      Calvatia sp. edible at young soil solitary grassland
      Candolleomyces bivelatus edible soil with leaf litters scattered grassland
      Coltricia sp. not edible dead trunk scattered forest
      Cookeina sp. not edible rotten log scattered forest
      Coprinellus disseminatus edible soil gregarious grassland, forest
      Coprinellus micaceus edible soil gregarious grassland
      Coprinopsis atramentaria not edible soil solitary forest
      Coprinus comatus edible at young soil solitary grassland
      Coprinus sp. 1 not edible soil solitary grassland
      Cortinarius violaceus edible but not recommended soil solitary forest
      Cupophyllus pratensis edible but waxy rotten trunk solitary forest
      Cyathus striatus not edible dead log gregarious grassland
      Daedaleopsis sp. not edible dead log scattered forest
      Daldinia concentrica not edible rotten log solitary forest
      Flammulina sp. 1 edible dead log gregarious grassland
      Flammulina sp. 2 edible dead log scattered grassland
      Fomitopsis feei not edible dead log gregarious forest
      Fomitopsis pinicola not edible dead log gregarious forest
      Galiella rufa not edible rotten twig gregarious grassland
      Ganoderma applanatum edible but not palatable dead trunk solitary forest
      Ganoderma australe edible but not palatable soil solitary forest
      Ganoderma carnosum edible but not palatable rotten log solitary grassland
      Ganoderma ellipsoideum edible but not palatable rotten log solitary forest
      Ganoderma lucidum edible but not palatable soil solitary grassland
      Ganoderma sp. 1 edible but not palatable rotten trunk solitary forest
      Ganoderma sp. 2 edible but not palatable rotten log scattered forest
      Ganoderma sp. 3 edible but not palatable soil solitary forest
      Gymnopilus lepidotus not edible rotten log scattered grassland
      Hypholoma sp. not edible soil caespitose forest
      Laccaria sp. edible soil solitary grassland
      Lactocollybia subvariicytis edible leaf litters solitary forest
      Lentinus tigrinus edible rotten acacia trunk gregarious forest
      Lepiota cristita not edible soil scattered grassland
      Lepiota sp. 1 not edible soil solitary grassland
      Leucoagaricus leucothites edible soil solitary forest
      Leucoagaricus meleagris edible but not palatable soil scattered grassland
      Leucocoprinus cepistipes not edible soil scattered grassland
      Leucocoprinus fragilissimus not edible soil solitary grassland
      Leucopaxillus amareus edible soil gregarious grassland
      Lycoperdon perlatum edible when young soil scattered grassland
      Lycoperdon sp. 1 edible when young soil gregarious grassland
      Marasmiellus candidus not edible rotten tamarind tree scattered grassland, forest
      Marasmius albogriseus edible soil gregarious grassland
      Marasmius oreades not edible soil scattered grassland
      Marasmius rotula edible rotten twig gregarious forest
      Marasmius sp. 1 not edible rotten log gregarious forest
      Marasmius sp. 2 not edible soil solitary forest
      Marasmius sp. 3 not edible leaf litters solitary grassland
      Microporus affinis not edible rotten twig of mahogany tree scattered grassland, forest
      Microporus xanthopus not edible dead twig scattered forest
      Mycena sp.1 not edible soil with leaf litters gregarious grassland, forest
      Mycena sp. 2 not edible soil gregarious grassland
      Mycena sp. 3 not edible soil gregarious grassland
      Oudemansiella canarii edible rotten mango trunk solitary grassland, forest
      Oudemansiella mucida edible rotten trunk solitary forest
      Panaeolus antillarum not edible carabao dung scattered grassland
      Panaeolus cyanescens not edible carabao dung scattered grassland
      Pluteus cervinus edible soil gregarious grassland
      Podosypha elegans not edible dead twig solitary forest
      Polyporus alveolaris edible dead trunk scattered grassland
      Polyporus hirsutus edible dead twig scattered grassland
      Polyporus sp. 1 edible dead trunk scattered forest
      Polyporus sp. 2 edible dead trunk scattered forest
      Postia caesia edible rotten trunk scattered grassland
      Psilocybe inversa not edible soil solitary grassland
      Pycnoporus sanguineus not edible dead log scattered forest
      Russula adusta edible soil solitary grassland
      Russula sp. 1 edible dead log scattered grassland
      Russula sp. 2 edible soil scattered grassland
      Russula sp. 3 not edible soil solitary grassland
      Schizophyllum commune edible rotten bamboo wood, dead log of tamarind tree gregarious grassland, forest
      Scytinopogon sp. edible soil with leaf litters caespitose to gregarious grassland
      Stereopsis radicans edible soil caespitose forest
      Stereum inisignitum not edible rotten log gregarious forest
      Stereum ostrea not edible rotten log gregarious grassland, forest
      Stereum sp. 1 not edible rotten twig gregarious forest
      Termitomyces striatus edible soil gregarious forest
      Tetrapyrgos subcinerea not edible dead twigs and leaf litters gregarious forest
      Trametes elegans not edible dead bamboo tree solitary grassland
      Trametes ellipsospora not edible rotten acacia trunk gregarious forest
      Trametes gibbosa not edible dead log scattered forest
      Trametes hirsuta not edible dead log solitary grassland, forest
      Trametes parvispora not edible dead log gregarious forest
      Trametes pubescens not edible rotten twig solitary forest
      Trametes sp. 1 not edible dead log gregarious forest
      Trametes sp. 2 not edible dead mango tree solitary forest
      Trametes sp. 3 not edible dead tamarind stem scattered forest
      Trametes sp. 4 not edible dead trunk of mahogany tree gregarious forest
      Trametes versicolor not edible dead twig scattered grassland
      Tricholoma sp. edible soil solitary grassland
      Xylaria schweinitzii not edible dead log scattered grassland, forest
      Xylaria sp. 1 not edible dead mahogany tree caespitose to gregarious grassland

      Table 1. 

      Edibility, growth habits, substrate, and habitat of 108 macrofungal species in MAPL.

    • Macrofungi Collection site Collection month Elevation (masl)
      Site A (S) Site B (N) Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100−250 251−500 501−750
      Agaricus campestris ▪ • • • ◆
      Agaricus comtulus ▪ • • ◆
      Agaricus moelleri ▪ • ◆
      Agaricus trisulphuratus ▪ • • ◆
      Amanita rubescens ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Amanita sp. 1 ▪ • • ◆
      Amanita sp. 2 ▪ • ◆
      Amanita sp. 3 ▪ • • • ◆
      Amanita sp. 4 ▪ • ◆
      Amanita sp. 5 ▪ • ◆
      Amanita sp. 6 ▪ • • • ◆
      Armillaria mellea ▪ • ◆
      Auricularia auricula-judae ▪ ▪ • • ◆ ◆
      Auricularia polytricha ▪ • • ◆
      Auricularia sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Calocera viscosa ▪ • ◆
      Calvatia sp. ▪ • • ◆
      Candolleomyces bivelatus ▪ • ◆
      Coltricia sp. ▪ • ◆
      Cookeina sp. ▪ • ◆
      Coprinellus disseminatus ▪ ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Coprinellus micaceus ▪ • ◆
      Coprinopsis atramentaria ▪ • ◆
      Coprinus comatus ▪ ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Coprinus sp. 1 ▪ • • • ◆
      Cortinarius violaceus ▪ • ◆
      Cuphophyllus pratensis ▪ • ◆
      Cyathus striatus ▪ • ◆
      Daedaleopsis sp. ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Daldinia concentrica ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Flammulina sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Flammulina sp. 2 ▪ • ◆
      Fomitopsis pinicola ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Fomitopsis feei ▪ • ◆
      Galiella rufa ▪ • ◆
      Ganoderma applanatum ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma australe ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma carnosum ▪ ▪ • • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma ellipsoideum ▪ • ◆
      Ganoderma lucidum ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma sp. 1 ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma sp. 2 ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Ganoderma sp. 3 ▪ • • • ◆
      Gymnopilus lepidotus ▪ • ◆
      Hypholoma sp. ▪ • ◆
      Laccaria sp. ▪ • ◆
      Lactocollybia subvariicytis ▪ • ◆
      Lentinus tigrinus ▪ • ◆
      Lepiota cristita ▪ • • ◆
      Lepiota sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Leucoagaricus leucothites ▪ • ◆
      Leucoagaricus meleagris ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Leucocoprinus cepistipes ▪ • ◆
      Leucocoprinus fragilissimus ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Leucopaxillus amareus ▪ • ◆
      Lycoperdon perlatum ▪ ▪ • • • ◆
      Lycoperdon sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Marasmiellus candidus ▪ ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Marasmius albogriseus ▪ • ◆
      Marasmius oreades ▪ • ◆
      Marasmius rotula ▪ • • ◆
      Marasmius sp. 1 ▪ • • • ◆
      Marasmius sp. 2 ▪ • ◆
      Marasmius sp. 3 ▪ • ◆ ◆
      Microporus affinis ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Microporus xanthopus ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Mycena sp. 1 ▪ ▪ • • • ◆ ◆
      Mycena sp. 2 ▪ • • ◆
      Mycena sp. 3 ▪ • • ◆
      Oudemansiella canarii ▪ ▪ • • ◆ ◆
      Oudemansiella mucida ▪ • ◆
      Panaeolus antillarum ▪ • ◆
      Panaeolus cyanescens ▪ • ◆
      Pluteus cervinus ▪ • ◆
      Podoscypha elegans ▪ ▪ • • ◆ ◆
      Polyporus alveolaris ▪ • • ◆
      Polyporus hirsutus ▪ • • • • ◆
      Polyporus sp. 1 ▪ • • ◆
      Polyporus sp. 2 ▪ • ◆
      Postia caesia ▪ ▪ • • ◆
      Psilocybe inversa ▪ • ◆
      Pycnoporus sanguineus ▪ • ◆
      Russula adusta ▪ • ◆
      Russula sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Russula sp. 2 ▪ • ◆
      Russula sp. 3 ▪ • • ◆
      Schizophyllum commune ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆ ◆
      Scytinopogon sp. ▪ • ◆
      Stereopsis radicans ▪ • ◆
      Stereum ostrea ▪ ▪ • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Stereum insignitum ▪ • • • • ◆
      Stereum sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Termitomyces striatus ▪ • ◆
      Tetrapyrgos subcinerea ▪ • ◆
      Trametes elegans ▪ • • ◆
      Trametes ellipsospora ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆ ◆
      Trametes gibbosa ▪ • • ◆
      Trametes hirsuta ▪ • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Trametes parvispora ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆
      Trametes pubescens ▪ • • ◆ ◆
      Trametes versicolor ▪ ▪ • • • • • • ◆ ◆ ◆
      Trametes sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Trametes sp. 2 ▪ • • • ◆
      Trametes sp. 3 ▪ • • • • • • ◆
      Trametes sp. 4 ▪ • ◆
      Tricholoma sp. ▪ • ◆
      Xylaria schweinitzii ▪ • • ◆ ◆
      Xylaria sp. 1 ▪ • ◆
      Total 76 57 56 48 55 31 21 17 61 47 28
      Composition (%) 70.37 52.78 51.85 44.44 50.93 28.7 19.44 15.74 56.48 43.52 25.93
      Composition (%) = (Total number of macrofungi occurred/Total number of macrofungal taxa) × 100; (▪•◆) = present.

      Table 2. 

      Distribution of 108 collected macrofungi in two collection sites, six collections months, and three elevation ranges.

    • Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
      Ascomycota Pezizomycetes Pezizales Sarcoscyphaceae Cookeina Cookeina sp.
      Sarcosomataceae Galiella G. rufa
      Sordariomycetes Xylariales Xylariaceae Xylaria X. schweinitzii; Xylaria sp. 1
      Hypoxylaceae Daldinia D. concentrica
      Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus A. campestris; A. comtulus; A. moelleri;
      A. trisulphuratus
      Coprinus C. comatus; Coprinus sp. 1
      Lepiota L. cristita; Lepiota sp. 1
      Leucoagaricus L. leucothites; L. meleagris
      Leucocoprinus L. cepistipes; L. fragilissimus
      Amanitaceae Amanita A. rubescens; Amanita sp. 1; Amanita sp. 2; Amanita sp. 3; Amanita sp. 4; Amanita sp. 5; Amanita sp. 6
      Cortinariaceae Cortinarius C. violaceus
      Hydnangiaceae Laccaria Laccaria sp.
      Hygrophoraceae Cuphophyllus C. pratensis
      Hymenogastraceae Gymnopilus G. lepidotus
      Psilocybe P. inversa
      Lycoperdaceae Calvatia Calvatia sp.
      Lycoperdon L. perlatum; Lycoperdon sp. 1
      Lyophyllaceae Termitomyces T. striatus
      Marasmiaceae Marasmius Marasmius albogriseus; M. oreades; M. rotula; Marasmius sp. 1; Marasmius sp. 2; Marasmius sp. 3
      Tetrapyrgos T. subcinerea
      Mycenaceae Mycena Mycena sp. 1; Mycena sp. 2; Mycena sp. 3
      Omphalotaceae Marasmiellus M. candidus
      Physalacriaceae Armillaria A. mellea
      Flammulina Flammulina sp. 1; Flammulina sp. 2
      Oudemansiella O. canarii; O. mucida
      Pluteaceae Pluteus P. cervinus
      Psathyrellaceae Candolleomyces C. bivelatus
      Coprinellus C. disseminatus; C. micaceus
      Coprinopsis C. atramentaria
      Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum S. commune
      Strophariaceae Hypholoma Hypholoma sp.
      Tricholomataceae
      		Leucopaxillus Leucopaxillus amareus
      Tricholoma Tricholoma sp.
      Incertae sedis Panaeolus P. antillarum; P. cyanescens
      Lactocollybia L. subvariicytis
      Auriculariales Auriculariaceae Auricularia A. auricula-judae; A. polytricha; Auricularia sp. 1
      Boletales Boletaceae Pycnoporus P. sanguineus
      Geastrales Geastraceae Cyathus C. striatus
      Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Coltricia Coltricia sp.
      Polypolares Dacryobolaceae Postia P. caesia
      Fomitopsidaceae Fomitopsis F. pinicola; F. feei
      Ganodermataceae
      		Ganoderma
      		G. applanatum; G. australe; G. carnosum;
      G. ellipsoideum; G. lucidum; Ganoderma sp. 1; Ganoderma sp. 2; Ganoderma sp. 3
      Podoscyphaceae Podoscypha P. elegans
      Polyporaceae Daedaleopsis Daedaleopsis sp.
      Lentinus L. tigrinus
      Microporus M. affinis; M. xanthopus
      Polyporus P. alveolaris; P. hirsutus; Polyporus sp. 1;
      Polyporus sp. 2
      Trametes T. elegans; T. ellipsospora; T. gibbosa; T. hirsuta; T. parvispora; T. pubescens; T. versicolor; Trametes sp. 1; Trametes sp. 2; Trametes sp. 3; Trametes sp. 4
      Russulales Russulaceae Russula R. adusta; Russula sp. 1; Russula sp. 2; Russula sp. 3
      Stereaceae Stereum S. ostrea; S. insignitum; Stereum sp. 1
      Stereopsidales Stereopsidaceae Stereopsis S. radicans
      Trechispolares Hydnodontaceae Scytinopogon Scytinopogon sp.
      Dacrymycetes Dacrymycetales Dacrymycetaceae Calocera C. viscosa

      Table 3. 

      Taxonomic classification of the 108 macrofungal species discovered in MAPL.

    • Collection site No. of taxa Shannon
      index (H)      		 Margalef (R) Evenness (E)
      South Peak 135 4.16 15.49 0.8322
      North Peak 89 3.892 12.25 0.875
      Sorensen similarity index
      South Peak vs
      North Peak      		 0.366

      Table 4. 

      Species diversity and similarity index in the two peaks of the Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape.

    • Elevation ranges (masl) No. of taxa Shannon index (H) Margalef (R) Evenness (E)
      100–250 96 4.066 13.80 0.9113
      251–500 82 3.696 10.21 0.8761
      501–750 46 3.120 6.53 0.8711
      Sorensen similarity index
      251–500 vs 100–250 0.36
      251–500 vs 501–750 0.197
      501–750 vs 100–250 0.141

      Table 5. 

      Species diversity and similarity index of different elevation ranges in the Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape.