Figures (4)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Representation of periodical evolution of priming techniques.

    • Figure 2. 

      Sub-cellular changes during seed priming.

    • Figure 3. 

      Schematic representation of seed priming inducing metabolic reprogramming in seeds, leading to enhanced germination and early seedling growth.

    • Figure 4. 

      Various applications of nanopriming in agriculture, showing the nanoparticles can be used for crop improvement, protection, precision farming, and enhancing stress tolerance.

    • Sr. no Crops Types of nanoparticles Effect of nanoparticles Ref.
      1WheatMulti-walled carbon nanotubesImproved seed vigor, plant morphology, and harvest[40]
      2WheatIron nanoparticlesImproved seed vigor and plant morphology, and increased harvest yield[41]
      3WheatSilicon nanoparticlesIncreased biomass and biochemical activity, and reduced cadmium uptake[42]
      4WheatZinc oxide nanoparticlesReduced cadmium uptake[36]
      5WheatZinc oxide nanoparticlesImproved growth biomarkers under salt stress[43]
      6WheatCopper nanoparticlesAbiotic stress resistance development[44]
      7WheatSilver nanoparticlesIncreased seed and seedlings vigor[45]
      8RiceIron (II) sulfide aqua nanoparticlesImproved seed vigor and disease resistance[46]
      9RiceSilver nanoparticlesUpregulation of aquaporin gene expression, improved seed and seedlings vigor[6]
      10RiceZinc oxideImproved biofortification[47]
      11RiceIron nanoparticlesImproved enzymatic activity[48]
      12RiceSilver nanoparticlesIncreased aquaporin gene expression[49]
      13MaizeChitosan nanoparticles containing zincImproved seed and seedling vigor, and biotic resistance[50]
      14MaizeChitosan nanoparticles containing copperImproved seed and seedling vigor[51]
      15MaizeGold nanoparticlesImproved seed and seedling vigor[34]
      16MaizeZinc oxideIncrease grain weight, K+ content, and α-amylase activity under salt stress[52]
      17Common beanZinc nanoparticlesIncreased biomass[53]
      18Common beanCopper nanoparticlesIncreased seed vigor, and biomass[44]
      19Common beanCopper nanoparticlesHigh concentrations showed toxic effects on seed germination[44]
      20SoybeanCobalt and molybdenum oxide nanoparticlesImproved seed vigor, and plant morphology with increased biomass[54]
      21SoybeanSilver nanoparticlesPotential antimicrobial activity[55]
      22TomatoChitosan loaded with gibberellic acidImproved seed vigor and plant morphology with increased biomass[56]
      23TomatoLignin nanoparticles loaded with
      gibberellic acid      		Improved seed and seedling vigor[57]
      24TomatoSelenium nanoparticlesIncreased total antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll content[58]
      25WatermelonSilver nanoparticlesImproved seed vigor, and plant morphology[59]
      26WatermelonIron nanoparticlesIncreased the activity of plant growth regulator[60]
      27WatermelonIron oxide nanoparticlesImproved plant morphology, reduced phytotoxicity[61]
      28Chilititanium and silverImproved seed vigor, increased disease resistance[62]
      29ChiliZinc oxide nanoparticlesHigh antimicrobial activity[62]
      30ChiliManganese (III) oxide nanoparticlesIncreased salinity resistance, and antioxidant enzymes[36]
      31ChickpeaLignin nanoparticles loaded with
      gibberellic acid      		Improved seed and seedling vigor[57]
      32ChickpeaZinc oxide nanoparticlesSignificantly mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, and increase biochemical activity[63]
      33ChickpeaMolybdenumIncreased antioxidant enzymes, and harvest[64]
      34SorghumIron oxide nanoparticlesIncreased biochemical activity and biomass, and improved water content in leaves[65]
      35Pearl milletZinc oxide nanoparticlesAntimicrobial resistance[66]
      36OnionSilver nanoparticlesPotentially increased bio-chemical activity[67]
      37OnionGold nanoparticlesImproved seed and seedling vigor[68]
      38PeaPlatinum nanoparticlesDecreased microorganism colonization[69]
      39SpinachZinc nanoparticlesAlleviation of salt stress[70]
      40RapeseedCerium oxide nanoparticlesUpregulates the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis under salt stress[71]
      41CucumberNanoparticles of water treatment residualsIncrease salinity stress tolerance, and biomass[72]
      42RadishManganese oxide nanoparticlesEnhanced nutritional richness[73]
      43LettuceZinc, silicon, iron, copper, cerium, and titanium oxide nanoparticlesReducedthe accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde content under cadmium toxicity[74]

      Table 1. 

      Effect of various nanoparticles in different field crops.

    • Factors Conventional
      technology      		 Nanotechnology
      mediated agriculture      		 Ref.
      Yield and quality Low High [67]
      Crop productivity Low High [79]
      Nutrient use efficiency Low High [46]
      Effect on soil health and quality Negative Positive [80]
      Sustainable crop production Low High [81]
      Environment remediation Low High [82]
      Biotic stress and disease tolerance Low High [83]
      Usage of natural and waste resources for yield attributes Limited Exclusively high [84]
      salinity stress tolerance Low High [85]
      Drought stress tolerance Low High [86]
      Ecofriendly approach No Yes [87]
      Biomass production Low High [62]
      Reduction in Mn toxicity Low High [88]
      Reduction in Cd toxicity Low High [89]

      Table 2. 

      Comparative analysis of nanotechnolgy and conventional agriculture technology.