Figures (16)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      (a) Path diagram of SiO2-KH570, (b) synthetic route of an AMP-SiO2 sol, (c) preparation process of AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Figure 2. 

      Particle size distribution of SiO2 sol and SiO2-KH570 sol.

    • Figure 3. 

      SEM images of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 4. 

      (a) EDX spectra of COT, and (b) AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Figure 5. 

      Elements distribution images of AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT (depicting the mapping of carbon (C), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) elements).

    • Figure 6. 

      XPS spectra of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 7. 

      High resolution XPS spectra for (a) O1s, and (b) Si2p of AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Figure 8. 

      FTIR spectra of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 9. 

      XRD patterns of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 10. 

      (a) TG, and (b) DTG curves of raw and treated cotton fabrics (10 K/min, N2).

    • Figure 11. 

      Δm, ΔLOI, and the ratio ΔLOI/Δm of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 12. 

      VFT results of (a) COT, (b) SiO2@COT, (c) AMP@COT, (d) AMP-SiO2@COT, (e) SiO2-KH570@COT, (f) AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Figure 13. 

      Relationship between (a) HRR, (b) THR, and time for raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Figure 14. 

      CCT photos of raw and treated cotton fabrics. (a) COT, (b) SiO2@COT, (c) AMP@COT, (d) AMP-SiO2@COT, (e) SiO2-KH570@COT, (f) AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Figure 15. 

      SEM images of char residues after VFT.

    • Figure 16. 

      The flame retardancy mechanism of AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT.

    • Substance TEOS KH570 AMP
      Structure

      Table 1. 

      The molecular structures: TEOS, KH570, and AMP.

    • Sample WGR
      (%)      		 T10%
      (°C)      		 Tmax
      (°C)      		 Rmax
      (%/°C)      		 Char residue rate (%)
      COT − 327.5 371.2 2.4 7.5
      SiO2@COT 28.3 284.3 353.3 1.3 40.3
      AMP@COT 35.0 262.1 339.6 0.7 39.7
      AMP-SiO2@COT 54.4 288.2 340.7 0.7 49.8
      SiO2−KH570@COT 83.8 304.7 357.2 1.0 41.1
      AMP-SiO2−KH570@COT 89.5 277.2 340.6 0.6 49.1

      Table 2. 

      Main pyrolysis data of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Sample LOI (%) ΔLOI (%) Δm (g) ΔLOI/Δm (%/g) Flammability level T1 (s) T2 (s) CL (cm)
      COT 18.0 − − − Inflammable 7.5 15.0 30.0
      SiO2@COT 20.2 2.2 2.7 0.8 Inflammable 23.0 0.7 30.0
      AMP@COT 25.1 7.1 3.4 2.1 Combustible 3.8 0 14.6
      AMP-SiO2@COT 28.3 10.3 5.3 5.1 Non-flammable 3.0 0 8.9
      SiO2−KH570@COT 20.5 2.5 8.1 0.3 Inflammable 14.7 1.2 30.0
      AMP-SiO2−KH570@COT 27.7 9.7 8.6 1.1 Non-flammable 2.2 0 8.2

      Table 3. 

      LOI and VFT data of raw and treated cotton fabrics.

    • Sample TTI
      (s)      		 PHRR
      (kW/m2)      		 TPHRR
      (s)      		 THR
      (MJ/m2)      		 FGR
      (kW/(m2s)
      COT 7.0 183.1 36.0 7.5 5.1
      SiO2@COT 8.0 104.2 36.0 5.2 2.9
      AMP@COT 6.0 83.6 30.0 5.7 2.8
      AMP-SiO2@COT 8.0 75.2 37.0 6.0 2.0
      SiO2-KH570@COT 7.0 115.4 36.0 7.0 3.2
      AMP-SiO2-KH570@COT 8.0 94.3 43.0 7.2 2.2

      Table 4. 

      CCT data of raw and treated cotton fabrics.