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Figure 1. 

The diversity and richness of rhizosphere bacterial communities of A. cochinchinensis rhizosphere samples collected from various areas. (a) Rarefaction curve reveals the sequencing depth in each sample, the horizontal coordinate reflects the number of sequences randomly selected, and the vertical coordinate reflects the number of features obtained based on the number of sequences. Each curve represents a sample/group and is marked with a different color. (b) Venn diagram illustrates the numbers of ASVs in the CRB, SRB, and YRB groups. (c) ACE indices in the CRB, SRB, and YRB groups based on QIIME2 software, the horizontal coordinate reflects the group name, and the vertical coordinate reflects the ACE index value. (d) Chao1 indices in the CRB, SRB, and YRB groups based on QIIME2 software, the horizontal coordinate reflects the group name, and the vertical coordinate reflects the Chao1 index value.(e) Shannon indices in the CRB, SRB, and YRB groups based on QIIME2 software, the horizontal coordinate reflects the group name, and the vertical coordinate reflects the Shannon index value. (f) Simpson indices in the CRB, SRB, and YRB groups based on QIIME2 software, the horizontal coordinate reflects the group name, and the vertical coordinate reflects the Simpson index value.

Figure 2. 

Bacterial community composition in the A. cochinchinensis rhizosphere samples collected from various areas. (a) The relative abundances of the ten top dominant taxa at the phylum level. (b) The relative abundances of the ten top dominant taxa at the class level. (c) The relative abundances of the ten top dominant taxa at the order level. (d) The relative abundances of the ten top dominant taxa at the family level. (e) The relative abundances of the ten top dominant taxa at the genus level.

Figure 3. 

Beta diversity of bacterial community in the A. cochinchinensis rhizosphere samples collected from various areas. (a) Principal component analysis of gut bacterial community among different groups. (b) Principal co-ordinates analysis of soil bacterial community among different groups. (c) Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis of soil bacterial community among different groups. (d) Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean combined with species abundance histograms analysis among different groups based on the binary Jaccard distances. (e) Heatmap clustering at the genus level and the top 50 species among different groups.

Figure 4. 

The species correlation network of bacterial communities of A. cochinchinensis rhizosphere samples collected from various areas. Spearman rank correlation analyses were performed on the top 50 species in the (a) CRB, (b) SRB, and (c) YRB in terms of genus-level abundance, and correlation networks were constructed by filtering data with correlations greater than 0.6 or less than -0.6 and p-values of less than 0.05. The green lines represent negative correlations, and red lines represent positive correlations. The bolder lines represent the closer correlations between two genera.

Figure 5. 

Functional prediction of different tissues of A. cochinchinensis. (a) Function prediction of different tissues of A. cochinchinensis based on the Gene Ontology database. (b) Function prediction of different tissues of A. cochinchinensis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. (c) Comparing the differential expression of roots and stems unigene. (d) Gene function prediction of differentially expressed unigenes based on the Gene Ontology database. (e) Gene function prediction of differentially expressed unigenes based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database.

Figure 6. 

mRNA expression level of four differentially expressed genes in different tissues of A. cochinchinensis. (a) Comparison of expression level of Unigene11685, Unigene10718, Unigene11242, and Unigene10145 in tuberous root and stem samples of A. cochinchinensis based on heatmap. (b) mRNA expression level of Unigene11685 normalized with EF1α in the tuberous root and stem samples of A. cochinchinensis. (c) mRNA expression level of Unigene10718 normalized with EF1α in the tuberous root and stem samples of A. cochinchinensis. (d) mRNA expression level of Unigene11242 normalized with EF1α in the tuberous root and stem samples of A. cochinchinensis. (e) mRNA expression level of Unigene10145 normalized with EF1α in the tuberous root and stem samples of A. cochinchinensis. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.