Antioxidant activity from non-conventional beverage plant sources in Argentina

Paula Andrea Conforti; Mariela Patrignani; Paula Andrea Conforti; Mariela Patrignani

doi:10.48130/bpr-0024-0037

Figures (8) Tables (2)

Figure 1.
Different samples analyzed: 1 Laurus nobilis; 2 Mentha spicata; 3 Passiflora caerulea; 4 Eucalyptus globulus; 5 Eucalyptus gunnii; 6 Tropaeolum majus; 7 Bauhinia forficata; 8 Urtica urens; 9 Plantago major; 10 Echium vulgare; 11 Helichrysum thianschanicum; 12 Ruta graveolens; 13 Ruta chalepensis; 14 Pinus pinea (tree bark). (a) Fresh or dried samples, (b) dried samples used to prepare the extracts.
Figure 2.
Flower samples analyzed: 1 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; 2 Borago officinalis; 3 Pelargonium × hortorum (red); 4 Pelargonium × hortorum (pink); 5 Calendula officinalis; 6 Tropaeolum majus; 7 Ruta graveolens; 8 Erythrina crista-galli; 9 Artemisia annua (plant); 10 Bougainvillea glabra; 11 Wisteria sinensis; 12 Callistemon citrinu. (a) Fresh samples, (b) dried samples used to prepare the extracts.
Figure 3.
Different fruits samples analyzed: 1 Solanum lycopersicum; 2 Gleditsia triacanthos; 3 Schinus areira; 4 Passiflora caerulea; 5 Citrus × limón. (a) Fresh samples, (b) dried samples used to prepare the extracts.
Figure 4.
Different commercial samples analyzed: 1 ginger; 2 turmeric; 3 rosemary; 4 thyme; 5 rooibos; 6 coriander; 7 clove; 8 drumstick.
Figure 5.
Photographs of the analyzed extracts (300 μL). Row A: Flower extracts: 1 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; 2 Borago officinalis; 3 Pelargonium x hortorum (red); 4 Pelargonium x hortorum (pink); 5 B Calendula officinalis; 6 Tropaeolum majus; 7 Ruta graveolens; 8 Erythrina crista-galli; 9 Artemisia annua (plant); 10 Bougainvillea glabra; 11 Wisteria sinensis; 12 Callistemon citrinu. Row B: Leaf extracts: 1 Laurus nobilis; 2 Mentha spicata; 3 Passiflora caerulea; 4 Eucalyptus globulus; 5 Eucalyptus gunnii; 6 Tropaeolum majus; 7 Bauhinia forficata;8 Urtica urens; 9 Plantago major; 10 Echium vulgare; 11 Helichrysum thianschanicum; 12 Ruta graveolens. Row C: 1 Ruta chalepensis; 12: Pinus pinea (tree bark). Row D: 1 Solanum lycopersicum; 2 Gleditsia triacanthos; 3 Schinus areira; 4 Passiflora caerulea ; 5 Citrus × limón, 8 rooibos; 9 coriander; 10 clove; 11 drumstick. Row E: 8 ginger; 9 turmeric; 10 rosemary; 11 thyme.
Figure 6.
Absorbance of extracts at different wavelengths: 490, 550, 600, 630, and 750 nm. Sample references. 1: Zingiber officinale; 2: Curcuma longa; 3: Rosmarinus officinalis; 4: Thymus vulgaris; 5: Aspalathus linearis; 6: Coriander sativum; 7: Eugenia caryophyllata; 8: Moringa oleifera; 9: Laurus nobilis; 10: Mentha spicata; 11: Passiflora caerulea; 12: Eucalyptus globulus; 13: Eucalyptus gunnii; 14: Tropaeolum majus; 15: Bauhinia forficate; 16: Urtica urens; 17: Plantago major; 18: Echium vulgare; 19: Helichrysum thianschanicum; 20: Ruta graveolens; 21: Ruta chalepensis; 22: Pinus pinea; 23: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; 24: Borago officinalis; 25: Pelargonium × hortorum (red); 26: Pelargonium × hortorum (pink); 27: Calendula officinalis; 28: Tropaeolum majus; 29: Ruta graveolens; 30: Erythrina crista-galli; 31: Artemisia annua; 32: Bougainvillea glabra; 33: Wisteria floribunda; 34: Callistemon citrinu; 35: Solanum lycopersicum; 36: Gleditsia triacanthos; 37: Schinus molle; 38: Passiflora caerulia (pulp); 39: Citrus × limón (rind).
Figure 7.
Antioxidant score values. Sample references. 1: Zingiber officinale; 2: Curcuma longa; 3: Rosmarinus officinalis; 4: Thymus vulgaris; 5: Aspalathus linearis; 6: Coriander sativum; 7: Eugenia caryophyllata; 8: Moringa oleifera; 9: Laurus nobilis; 10: Mentha spicata; 11: Passiflora caerulea; 12: Eucalyptus globulus; 13: Eucalyptus gunnii; 14: Tropaeolum majus; 15: Bauhinia forficate; 16: Urtica urens; 17: Plantago major; 18: Echium vulgare; 19: Helichrysum thianschanicum; 20: Ruta graveolens; 21: Ruta chalepensis; 22: Pinus pinea; 23: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; 24: Borago officinalis; 25: Pelargonium × hortorum (red); 26: Pelargonium × hortorum (pink); 27: Calendula officinalis; 28: Tropaeolum majus; 29: Ruta graveolens; 30: Erythrina crista-galli; 31: Artemisia annua; 32: Bougainvillea glabra; 33: Wisteria floribunda; 34: Callistemon citrinu; 35: Solanum lycopersicum; 36: Gleditsia triacanthos; 37: Schinus molle; 38: Passiflora caerulia (pulp); 39: Citrus × limón (rind).
Figure 8.
PCA biplot of antioxidant capacity (determined by FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH); total phenolic content (TPC), pH and absorbance (A) at 490, 550, 600, 630, and 750 nm determined in 1: Zingiber officinale; 7: Eugenia caryophyllata; 12: Eucalyptus globulus; 13: Eucalyptus gunnii; 14: Tropaeolum majus; 22: Pinus pinea; 23: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; 25: Pelargonium × hortorum (red); 26: Pelargonium × hortorum (pink); 30: Erythrina crista-galli; 32: Bougainvillea glabra; 34: Callistemon citrinu; 35: Solanum lycopersicum; 36: Gleditsia triacanthos.

N°	M*	Raw material		Family	pH	TPC¹	AA _FRAP²	AA _DPPH²	AA _ABTS²
1	C	Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	9.42^d	5.6^ab	26.4^ab	42.9^ab	43.6^ab
2	C	Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	8.90^cd	1.4^a	9.3^a	13.1^ab	7.5^a
3	C	Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis	Lamiaceae	8.86^cd	11.7^ab	23.3^ab	13.1^ab	14.4^b
4	C	Thyme	Thymus vulgaris	Lamiaceae	9.40^d	15.4^b	41.2^ab	14.9^ab	15.7^ab
5	C	Rooibos	Aspalathus linearis	Fabaceae	9.31^d	12.3^b	17.8^ab	12.4^ab	16.3^ab
6	C	Coriander	Coriander sativum	Apiaceae	9.51^d	2.5^a	8.0^a	13.6^ab	8.1^a
7	C	Clove	Eugenia caryophyllata	Myrtaceae	8.17^bc	43.9^cd	159.8^d	45.4^b	70.9^b
8	C	Drumstick	Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	8.92^cd	16.0^b	37.6^ab	12.8^ab	21.0^ab
9	L	Bay	Laurus nobilis	Lauraceae	9.38^d	2.6^a	11.7^ab	30.2^ab	29.6^ab
10	L	Spearmint	Mentha spicata	Lamiaceae	9.28^d	2.9^ab	11.7^ab	13.8^ab	2.0^a
11	L	Mburucuya	Passiflora caerulea	Passifloraceae	7.44^b	10.6^ab	26.8^ab	19.7^ab	39.6^ab
12	L	Blue gum tree	Eucalyptus globulus	Myrtaceae	7.46^b	40.6^cd	140.5^cd	70.9^c	98.7^bc
13	L	Cider gum	Eucalyptus gunnii	Myrtaceae	7.06^ab	18.1^b	52.3^b	66.0^bc	36.3^ab
14	L	Garden nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	Tropaeolaceae	8.87^cd	18.2^b	43.7^ab	47.7^bc	35.3^ab
15	L	Cow's foot	Bauhinia forficata	Fabaceae	7.62^b	15.0^b	35.9^ab	15.2^ab	25.8^ab
16	L	Dwarf nettle	Urtica urens	Urticaceae	9.32^d	1.8^a	7.8^a	8.5^ab	3.9^a
17	L	Greater plantain	Plantago major	Plantaginaceae	9.09^cd	6.1^ab	16.4^ab	9.2^ab	9.2^a
18	L	Blueweed	Echium vulgare	Boraginaceae	8.57^c	2.4^a	7.7^a	10.4^ab	3.3^a
19	L	Silver spike	Helichrysum thianschanicum	Asteraceae	8.58^c	4.2^ab	10.2^ab	12.8^ab	14.3^a
20	L	Garden rue	Ruta graveolens	Rutaceae	8.33^c	8.8^ab	23.7^ab	13.8^ab	25.7^ab
21	L	Rue fragrant	Ruta chalepensis	Rutaceae	8.66^cd	11.0^ab	28.1^ab	13.5^ab	26.7^ab
22	B	Stone pine nut	Pinus pinea	Pinaceae	7.35^ab	20.3^b	90.9^bc	62.6^bc	56.8^ab
23	F	Chinese rose	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Malvaceae	7.67^bc	46.3^d	134.9^cd	5.8^a	52.8^ab
24	F	Borage	Borago officinalis	Boraginaceae	9.02^cd	6.2^ab	17.7^ab	29.6^ab	37.1^ab
25	F	Geranium	Pelargonium × hortorum (red)	Geraniaceae	7.50^b	44.9^cd	114.3^c	75.9^c	128.5^bc
26	F	Geranium	Pelargonium × hortorum (pink)	Geraniaceae	7.30^sb	57.1^e	135.5^cd	73.1^c	126.5^bc
27	F	Pot marigold	Calendula officinalis	Asteraceae	9.18^d	6.2^ab	17.8^ab	13.7^ab	13.4^a
28	F	Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	Tropaeolaceae	8.51^c	13.6^b	26.0^ab	21.7^ab	44.9^ab
29	F	Garden rue	Ruta graveolens	Rutaceae	8.96^cd	14.4^b	46.1^ab	12.0^ab	35.6^ab
30	F	Coral tree	Erythrina crista-galli.	Fabaceae	6.78^a	34.3^c	69.1^b	17.1^ab	29.5^ab
31	F	Sweet wormwood	Artemisia annua	Asteraceae	7.25^ab	8.2^ab	24.0^ab	15.3^ab	31.8^ab
32	F	Buganvilla	Bougainvillea glabra	Nyctaginaceae	7.54^b	39.7^cd	272.1^e	20.4^ab	89.6^bc
33	F	Glycine floribunda	Wisteria floribunda	Fabaceae	7.80^bc	8.2^ab	34.6^ab	7.6^ab	26.8^ab
34	F	Bottlebrush	Callistemon citrinu	Myrtaceae	6.94^ab	49.6^de	145.9^cd	50.1^bc	138.4^c
35	Fr	Tomato	Solanum lycopersicum	Solanaceae	6.99^ab	10.7^ab	26.8^ab	55.6^bc	7.9^a
36	Fr	Honey locusts	Gleditsia triacanthos	Fabaceae	7.87^bc	14.2^b	87.4^bc	69.8^bc	43.0^ab
37	Fr	Rose pepper	Schinus molle	Anacardiaceae	8.14^bc	1.6^a	8.8^a	13.3^ab	6.2^a
38	Fr	Mburucuyá	Passiflora caerulia (pulp)	Passifloraceae	6.71^a	11.0^ab	15.1^ab	13.6^ab	26.0^ab
39	Fr	Lemon	Citrus × limón (rind)	Rutaceae	7.93^bc	9.4^ab	25.3^ab	16.0^ab	31.6^ab
LSD_0.05 _{least significant difference}					0.68	9.7	42.8	38.7	56.4
* M: material samples. C: commercial samples. L: leaves. B: bark. F: flowers. Fr: fruits. Values in the same column followed by different superscript letters are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). Results are expressed as ⁽¹⁾ mg GAE/g and ⁽²⁾ mg TE/g.

Table 1.

pH, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of aqueous extracts by different methods (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS).

	A490	A550	A600	A630	A750	pH	TPC	FRAP	DPPH	ABTS
A490	1
A550	0.96*	1
A600	0.47	0.68*	1
A630	0.38	0.60*	0.98*	1
A750	0.47	0.46	0.38	0.50	1
pH	−0.05	−0.02	0.01	0.0006	−0.15	1
TPC	0.22	0.28	0.31	0.31	0.15	−0.39	1
FRAP	0.74*	0.70*	0.31	0.24	0.27	−0.21	0.70*	1
DPPH	−0.54	−0.64*	−0.66*	−0.62	−0.24	−0.07	−0.11	−0.25	1
ABTS	0.14	0.11	−0.02	−0.02	0.13	−0.20	0.79*	0.62*	0.30	1
* Significant at p ≤ 0.05 and Pearson's correlation coefficients > 0.60.

Table 2.

Pearson's correlation coefficients of antioxidant capacity (measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays); TPC; pH and absorbance.