Figures (3)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways associated with glucolipid metabolic disorders-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Akt, Protein kinase B; ALP, Autophagy-lysosome pathway; Atrogin-1, Muscle Atrophy F-box protein 1; BNIP3, BCL2 interacting protein 3; FOXO, Forkhead box O; JAK, Janus kinase; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; IKK, IkappaB Kinase; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IκB-α, Nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor α; LC3, microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3; mTORC, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; MUSA1, muscle ubiquitin ligase of the SCF complex in atrophy-1; NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa-B; NIK, Nuclear factor kappa-B-inducing kinase; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p70S6K, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; Rheb, Guanosine triphosphate Phosphohydrolase ras homolog enriched in brain; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-R, Tumor necrosis factor-receptor; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; TRADD, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 -associated death domain protein; TRAF2, Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2; TSC1/2, Tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2; UPS, Ubiquitin proteasome system; 4E-BP1, Rapamycin complex and 4E binding protein-1.

    • Figure 2. 

      The chemical structures of representative phytochemicals with anti-skeletal muscle atrophy activity.

    • Figure 3. 

      Mechanisms of phytochemicals to combat muscle atrophy in glucolipid metabolic disorders. Phytochemicals promote or inhibit signaling pathways, mitigating muscle atrophy induced by glucolipid metabolic disorders. Akt, Protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; Atrogin-1, Muscle Atrophy F-box protein 1; FoxO, Forkhead box O; GLUT4, Glucose transporter 4; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; LKB1, Liver kinase B1; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-B; NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA, Protein kinase A; p70S6K, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; SIRT3, Sirtuin 3; TFAM, Mitochondrial transcription factor A; TFB2M, Mitochondrial transcription factor B2; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; 4E-BP1, Rapamycin complex and 4E binding protein-1.

    • Phytochemicals Main source Models & inducers Dose & duration Main effects Mechanisms Ref.
      Phenols
      Resveratrol 3,4',5-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene Peanuts, pines, grape skin C57BL/6 mice; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (200 mg/kg BW) 100 mg/kg/d; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA, myofiber size distribution, running distance ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis
      ↓Mitophagy, mitochondrial fission and fusion      		 [25]
      SD rats; HFD for 20 weeks 2.0%; 10, 20 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial function
      ↓Oxidative stress      		 [26]
      C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 8 weeks 0.4%; 8 weeks ↑Tibialis anterior muscle mass ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis [27]
      Curcumin 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione Turmeric (Curcuma longa) C57BL/6J mice; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (200 mg/kg) 1500 mg/kg/d;
      2 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination [28]
      Tocotrienols 2-Methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-6-ol Annatto, palm oil, rice bran oil, barley C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 14 weeks 400 mg tocotrienols/kg diet; 14 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial enzyme activity
      ↑Oxidative stress      		 [29]
      Oligonol / Lychee fruit, green tea db/db mice 20, 200 mg/kg; 10 weeks ↑Myofiber CSA, myofiber size distribution ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation [30]
      5-heptadecylresorcinol 5-heptadec-1-enylbenzene-1,3-diol Rye, wheat C57 BL/6J mice; HFD for 16 weeks 30, 150 mg/kg; 16 weeks ↑Running time, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis [31]
      Green tea polyphenols / Green tea C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 14 weeks 0.5% (w/v) green tea polyphenols in drinking water; 14 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial enzyme activity
      ↑Oxidative stress      		 [29]
      C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 14 weeks 0.5% w/v green tea polyphenols in water; 14 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial enzyme activity
      ↑Oxidative stress Alteration of gut microbiota composition      		 [32]
      Tannin
      Ellagic acid 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxychromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione Pomegranate ICR mice; STZ (not reported) 100 mg/kg/d; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial function
      ↓Protein ubiquitination, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis      		 [33]
      Urolithin A 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one Pomegranate fruit C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 34 weeks 50 mg/kg/d; 34 weeks ↑Grip strength, running distance ↑Mitochondrial function [34]
      (−)- Epicatechin (2R,3R)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)chroman-3,5,7-triol Cacao C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 15 weeks 2 mg/kg BW; 5 weeks ↑Physical performance ↓Protein ubiquitination [35]
      Phenylpropanoids
      Eugenol 2-Methoxy-4-allylphenol Clove, cinnamon C57BL/6N mice; 8 weeks HFD with STZ (35 mg/kg BW) twice 10, 20 mg/kg/d; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber length ↑Muscle glucose uptake
      ↓Inflammation      		 [36]
      Sinapic acid 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid Mustard seeds, rapeseed, wheat ICR mice; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (200 mg/kg) 40 mg/kg/d; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial function
      ↓Endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis      		 [37]
      Sesamin 5,5'-(1S,3aR,4S,6aR)-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo(3,4-c)furan-1,4-diylbis(1,3-benzodioxole) Sesame seeds C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 8 weeks 0.2%; 8 weeks ↑Exercise capacity ↓Oxidative stress [38]
      Magnesium lithospermate B magnesium;(2R)-2-[(E)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-[(1R)-1-carboxylato-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy] carbonyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate Danshen C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 17 weeks 100 mg/kg BW/d; 17 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation, PI3K/Akt/FoxO signaling [39]
      Flavonoids
      Puerarin 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one Pueraria lobate SD rats; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) 100 mg/kg; 8 weeks ↑Muscle strength, muscle tissue index, muscle mass, myofiber CSA, distribution ↑Transformation from slow-twitch muscle to fast-twitch muscle
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [40]
      Bavachin 7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)chroman-4-one Psoralea corylifolia L. seed db/db mice 10 mg/kg; 40 d ↑Grip strength, myofiber CSA, myofiber size distribution ↑Mitochondrial function, mitophagy
      ↓Inflammation      		 [41]
      Corylifol A 3'-Geranyl-4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone Psoralea corylifolia L. seed db/db mice 10 mg/kg; 40 d ↑Grip strength, myofiber CSA, myofiber size distribution ↑Mitochondrial function, mitophagy
      ↓Inflammation      		 [41]
      Apigenin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one Parsley, chamomile, celery C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks 0.1%; 8 weeks ↑Myofiber CSA, running distance ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis
      ↓Mitochondrial dysfunction      		 [42]
      Quercetin 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one Apples, buckwheat, onions, citrus fruits C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks 0.05%, 0.1%; 9 weeks ↑Muscle mass, myofiber diameter ↓Inflammation, protein ubiquitination [43]
      Luteolin 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one Parsley, peppermint, celery seeds C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 20 weeks 0.01%; 20 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA, muscle cell count ↓Inflammation, protein ubiquitination [44]
      Naringin 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone-7-rhamnoglucoside Pomelo,
      grapefruits      		 SD rats; HFD for 8 weeks 50, 100 mg/kg BW; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA, myofiber diameter ↑Insulin resistance
      ↓Oxidative stress, protein ubiquitination      		 [45]
      Terpenoids
      Geranylgeraniol (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-ol Palm, ginger, certain essential oils SD rats; HFD for 8 weeks with single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg BW) 800 mg/kg; 8 weeks ↑Myofiber CSA ↑Mitochondrial
      quality      		 [46]
      C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 14 weeks 400 mg geranylgeraniol/kg diet; 14 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber CSA Alteration of gut microbiota composition [32]
      α-Cedrene (1S,2R,5S,7S)-2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.3.1.0(1,5)]undec-8-ene Cupressus, Juniperus species C57BL/6N mice; HFD for 10 weeks 200 mg/kg BW; 10 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling [47]
      α-Ionone 4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one Violets, blackberries, plums C57BL/6N mice; HFD for 9 weeks 0.1% α-ionone; 10 weeks ↑Muscle strength, muscle mass, myofiber diameter ↑cAMP signaling
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [48]
      Alkaloids
      Boldine 2,9-Dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxyaporphine Boldo SD rats; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg/kg) 50 mg/kg/d; 3 weeks ↑Myofiber CSA / [49]
      Magnoflorine (6aS)-1,11-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolinium Tinospora cordifolia Wister rats; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (70 mg/kg BW) 2 mg/kg/d; 3 weeks ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA, myofibrils integrity ↑Akt/FoxO signaling
      ↓Oxidative stress, protein ubiquitination, autophagy      		 [50]
      Saponin
      Compound K 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol Ginsenoside C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 8 weeks 1 mg/kg/d; 8 weeks ↑Myotube diameter ↓Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy [51]
      Akt, Protein kinase B; BW, Body weight; CSA, Cross-sectional area; CREB, cAMP Response Element-Binding protein; FoxO, Forkhead box O; HFD, High fat diet; ICR, Institute of Cancer Research; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA, Protein kinase A; SD, Sprague Dawley; STZ, Streptozotocin; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.

      Table 1. 

      The effects and mechanisms of phytochemicals on muscle atrophy induced by glucolipid metabolic disorders.

    • Plant extract Models & inducers Dose & duration Main effects Mechanisms Ref.
      Aged black garlic, aged black elephant garlic C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 10 weeks 100 mg/kg/d; 10 weeks ↑Relative muscle mass ↓Protein ubiquitination [72]
      Artemisia dracunculus L.ethanolic extract KK-Ay mice 1% w/w; 12 weeks / ↓Protein ubiquitination [73]
      Black ginseng extract ICR mice; STZ (60 mg/kg BW) twice 300, 900 mg/kg/d;
      5 weeks      		 ↑Myofiber size
      ↓Muscle fibrosis      		 ↑mTOR signaling [69]
      Brazilian green propolis db/db mice 2%; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength ↑Mitochondrial function
      ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation
      Alteration of gut microbiota composition      		 [74]
      Chrysanthemi zawadskii var. latilobum C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks 125, 250 mg/kg; 8 weeks ↑Grip strength, myofiber size ↑Mitochondrial function
      ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation      		 [64]
      Codonopsis lanceolata C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks CL50, 100, 200 mg/kg;
      6 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑PI3K/Akt signaling, lipid metabolism
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [68]
      Ecklonia stolonifera extract C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 6 weeks 150 mg/kg/d; 6 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA, myofiber diameter ↑Insulin signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis [56]
      Chinese raspberry (Rubus chingii Hu) fruit extract C57BL/6 mice; STZ (50 mg/kg BW) consecutively for 5 d 30 mg/kg BW; 18 d ↑myofiber CSA ↑Akt signaling
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [58]
      Fuzhuan brick tea C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 12 weeks 100, 200 mg/kg;
      12 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA, grip strength, running capacity ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation
      ↑Lipid metabolism, mitochondrial functions      		 [59]
      Gintonin- rich fraction ICR mice; HFD for 6 weeks 50, 150 mg/kg/d;
      6 weeks      		 ↑Grip strength, muscle mass, myofiber size ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [75]
      Green tea extracts SAMP8 mice; HFD for 4 months 0.5%; 4 months ↑Muscle mass ↑Insulin signaling [55]
      Juzentaihoto hot water extract ICR mice; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg) 4.0% w/w; 35 days ↑Rotarod tolerance time ↓Oxidative stress [76]
      Juzentaihoto KK-Ay mice 4.0% w/w; 56 d ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA, rotarod tolerance time ↓Insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, protein ubiquitination [77]
      Lespedeza bicolor extract C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 9 weeks with STZ (30 mg/kg BW) twice 100, 250 mg/kg BW;
      12 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↑Energy metabolism
      ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation      		 [78]
      Licorice flavonoid oil KK-Ay mice 1, 1.5 g/kg BW; 2 weeks ↑Muscle mass ↑mTOR/S6K signaling
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [65]
      Liuwei dihuang water extract C57BL/6 mice; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg) 7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg/d;
      1 week      		 ↑Muscle mass, grip strength / [79]
      Lonicera caerulea extract C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 8 weeks 100, 200, 400 mg/kg;
      8 weeks      		 ↑Muscle volume, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination [67]
      Lithospermum erythrorhizon extract C57BL/6N; HFD for 8 weeks 0.25%; 10 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, exercise endurance capacity, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation
      ↑Mitochondrial Biogenesis      		 [71]
      Morinda officinalis root extract C57BL/6N mice; HFD for 8 weeks with single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (120 mg/kg BW) 100, 200 mg/kg BW;
      4 weeks      		 ↑Myofiber CSA ↑Myogenetic proteins, biogenetic proteins
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [80]
      Non-extractable fractions of dried persimmon Wistar rats; single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg BW) 5%; 9 weeks ↑Myofiber CSA ↓Oxidative stress [60]
      Omiza extract C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks 0.25%; 8 weeks ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑Akt/mTOR signaling
      ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation      		 [61]
      Panax ginseng berry extract C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 9 weeks 50, 100, 200 mg/kg;
      4 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↑PI3K/Akt Signaling
      ↓Protein ubiquitination      		 [70]
      Radix Pueraria lobata C57BL/6 mice; HFD for 16 weeks 100,300 mg/kg; 16w eeks ↑Relative muscle mass, myofiber diameter ↑Mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism [63]
      Saikokeishikankyoto extract KK-Ay mice 2%, 4% mixed feed;
      56 d      		 ↑Muscle wet mass, muscle fiber content, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination, inflammation [53]
      Schisandrae chinensis fructus extract C57BL/6 mice;single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg) 250, 500 mg/kg BW;
      6 weeks      		 ↑Muscle mass, grip strength, myofiber CSA ↓Protein ubiquitination, CREB/KLF15, autophagy-lysosomal [62]
      Tocotrienol-rich fraction C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 12 weeks with STZ (100 mg/kg) twice 100, 300 mg/kg BW;
      12 weeks      		 ↑Myofiber size ↑AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling
      ↓Inflammation, apoptosis      		 [54]
      Zhimu-Huangbai herb-pair C57BL/6J mice; HFD for 9 weeks with single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (100 mg/kg BW) 2.6 g/kg BW; 6 weeks ↑Muscle strength, coordination, muscle mass, myofiber CSA ↑IGF-1 signaling [81]
      Akt, Protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; BW, Body weight; CSA, Cross-sectional area; CREB, HFD, High fat diet; ICR, Institute of Cancer Research; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; KLF15, Krüppel-like factor 15; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; STZ, Streptozotocin; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.

      Table 2. 

      The effects and mechanisms of plant extracts on muscle atrophy induced by glucolipid metabolic disorders.

    • Phytochemicals Patent number Date of grant Patent title Key claims Ref.
      Phenols
      Curcumin CA3221915A1 2022.12.22 Compositions comprising curcuminoids for use in the treatment of muscle soreness A composition comprising curcuminoids for improving functional performance and/or relieving muscle soreness during and/or after exercise. [90]
      EP2859896B1 2018.01.31 Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of muscular disorders A pharmaceutical or nutritional composition comprising baicalin, curcumin, green tea catechins, vitamin E, vitamin C, coenzyme Q10, Acetyl-L-carnitine, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid for treating and preventing muscular disorders, with specific ingredient amounts specified for each component. [91]
      Tannin
      Urolithin A EP2866804B1 2023.09.13 Enhancing autophagy or increasing longevity by administration of urolithins or precursors thereof The use of urolithin A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating or preventing aging-related health conditions such as osteoarthritis, muscular atrophy, cardiac deterioration, or endothelial cell dysfunction. [92]
      EP3278800B1 2019.04.10 Compositions and methods for improving mitochondrial function and treating muscle-related pathological conditions Use of urolithin for the treatment or prevention of muscle diseases, myopathies, muscular dystrophies, musculoskeletal disorders, or neuromuscular diseases, including conditions such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and muscle atrophy, and for improving or maintaining muscle performance, reducing fatigue, and enhancing sports performance in healthy subjects. [93]
      KR101955001B1 2019.03.07 Compositions and methods for improving mitochondrial function and treating neurogenerative diseases and cognitive disorders A pharmaceutical composition comprising urolithin for treating muscle skeletal disorders such as cachexia or muscle atrophy, wherein the composition increases, maintains, or improves muscle mass and function, and a functional food comprising urolithin for increasing or maintaining muscle performance or alleviating muscle skeletal disorders. [93]
      (−)- Epicatechin WO2014099904A1 2014.06.26 Methods for enhancing motor function, enhancing functional status and mitigating muscle weakness in a subject A method for enhancing motor function in a subject by providing a nutritional composition containing protein and applying a vibrational stimulus, resulting in enhanced motor function. [94]
      WO2014021413A1 2014.02.06 Polyacetal resin composition and slide member produced by molding it A muscle fatigue inhibitor comprising catechins as active ingredients, formulated as food/beverage products, and containing specific components to enhance muscle strength and exercise effects. [95]
      Epigallocatechin US9980997B1 2018.05.29 High flavanol cocoa powder composition for improving athletic performance A composition and method for improving overall athletic performance in mammals by administering a preparation containing cocoa powder, protein, carbohydrate, and fat, wherein the cocoa powder contains at least 7.5% of its weight in flavonoids. [96]
      Flavonoids
      Quercetin JP6942165B2 2021.09.29 Muscle atrophy inhibitor containing quercetin glycoside A muscle atrophy inhibitor containing quercetin glycoside as an active ingredient, for suppressing muscle atrophy by inhibiting the expression of Mstn, excluding disuse muscular atrophy. [97]
      Naringin AU2017204579B2 2018.09.20 Methods of inhibiting muscle atrophy A method of lowering blood glucose in an animal by administering at least 25 mg of ursolic acid and at least 10 mg of naringenin, or their derivatives, solvates, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts. [98]
      Saponin
      Tangshenoside I CN104069339A 2014.10.01 Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating myasthenia gravis and preparation method thereof A Chinese medicine composition for treating myasthenia gravis, comprising specific proportions of various Chinese medicinal herbs, with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and prepared in oral dosage form, such as decoction or oral liquid. [99]

      Table 3. 

      An excerpt of patents of phytochemicals in muscle health.