Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Applications of genome editing strategies in breeding novel ornamental crops.

    • No. Species Sequencing technology Genome size Chromosome no., and ploidy level Ref.
      (A) Annuals 1 Amaranthus hypochondriacus Illumina HiSeq 2500 466 Mb 2n = 32 [17]
      2 Antirrhinum majus Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II 520 Mb 2n = 16 [18]
      3 Eschscholzia californica Illumina HiSeq 2500 502 Mb 2n = 12 [19]
      4 Gypsophila paniculata MGISEQ-2000 PE 150 5–10 Mb 2n = 2x = 34 [20]
      5 Helianthus annuus PacBio RS II 3.6 Gb 2n = 34 [21]
      6 Ipomoea nil PacBio, HiSeq 2500 750 Mb 2n = 2x = 30 [22]
      7 Mimulus guttatus Illumina HiSeq 2000 531 Mb 2n = 28 [23]
      8 Mimosa pudica Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 896 Mb 2n = 4x = 48 [24]
      9 Petunia axillaris HiSeq 2500, PacBio 1.4 Gb 2n = 2x = 14 [25]
      10 Petunia inflata HiSeq 2500, PacBio 1.4 Gb 2n = 2x = 14 [25]
      11 Salvia splendens PacBio RS II; Illumina HiSeq X Ten 711 Mb 2n = 2x = 44 [26]
      12 Tarenaya hassleriana Illumina HiSeq 2000 300 Mb 2n = 20 [27]
      (B) Aquatic 1 Nelumbo nucifera Illumina HiSeq 2000 879 Mb 2n = 16 [28]
      2 Nymphaea colorata PacBio RS II, Hi-C 433 Mb 2n = 28 [29]
      (C) Cut flowers 1 Chrysanthemum seticuspe Illumina HiSeq 2000 and MiSeq 3.0 Gb 2n = 2x = 18 [30]
      2 Chrysanthemum nankingense Oxford Nanopore, HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II 3.07 Gb 2n = 18 [31]
      3 Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium PacBio RS II platform, Oxford Nanopore 2.60 Gb 2n = 18 [32]
      4 Dianthus caryophyllus 'Scarlet Queen' contig N50: 14.67 Mb; BUSCO: 97.15% 636 Mb 2n = 2x = 30 [33]
      5 Eustoma grandiflorum PacBio HiF 1.71Gb 2n = 6x = 72 [34]
      6 Platycodon grandiflorus Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform 680 Mb 2n = 2x = 18 [35]
      7 Primulina huaijiensis Illumina HiSeq 2500/HiSeq X Ten platform 478 Mb 2n = 36 [36]
      8 Rosa chinensis Illumina HiSeq 2500, PacBio RS-II 532.7 Mb 2n = 2x = 14 [37]
      9 Rosa multiflora Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq 2000 platforms 711 Mb 2n = 2x = 14 [38]
      10 Rosa rugosa, PacBio HiFi 382.6 Mb 2n = 14 [39]
      11 Rosa wichuraiana 'Basye's Thornless' PacBio HiFi, Oxford Nanopore 530.07 Mb 2n = 14 [40]
      12 Rosa roxburghii Illumina HiSeq 2500 480.97 Mb 2n = 14 [41]
      (D) Cacti 1 Carnegiea gigantea Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq 980.3 Mb–1.3 Gb – [42]
      (E) Grasses 1 Lolium perenne Illumina HiSeq 2000 99 Gb 2n = 14 [43]
      2 Trifolium pratense Illumina HiSeq 2000 420 Mb 2n = 14 [44]
      3 Trifolium subterranum Illumina HiSeq 2000 552.4 Mb 2n = 16 [45]
      4 Zoysia japonica Illumina HiSeq 340 Mb 2n = 40 [46]
      5 Zoysia matrella Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq 423 Mb 2n = 40 [46]
      6 Zoysia pacifica Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq 302 Mb 2n = 40 [46]
      7 Selaginella lepidophylla PacBio RsII platform, Illumina MiSeq platform 122 Mb 2n = 20 [47]
      (F) Herbaceous perennials 1 Asparagus setaceus HiSeq X Ten, Hi-C 720 Mb 2n = 20 [48]
      2 Drosera capensis Illumina HiSeq 2500 264–293 Mb – [49]
      3 Dionaea muscipula PacBio RS II 3.19 Gb – [50]
      4 Boea hygrometrica Illumina HiSeq 2000, Roche 454 1.69 Gb – [51]
      5 Catharanthus roseus Illumina HiSeq 2000 738 Mbp 2n = 16 [52]
      6 Primula veris Hiseq 2000, Miseq, Ion Proton, PacBio 479.22 Mb 2n = 2x = 22 [53]
      7 Rhodiola crenulata Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 420.2 Mb 2n = 38 [54]
      8 Tanacetum cinerariifolium HiSeq X, HiSeq 4000 7.1 Gb 2n = 18 [55]
      (G) Orchids 1 Apostasia shenzhenica Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio 471 Mb 2n = 68 [56]
      2 Dendrobium catenatum HiSeq 2000 1.1 Gb 2n = 2x = 38 [57]
      3 Dendrobium officinale Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II 1.27 Gb 2n = 2x = 38 [58]
      4 Phalaenopsis aphrodite GAIIX, HiSeq 1.20 Gb 2n = 2x = 38 [59]
      5 Phalaenopsis equestris Illumina HiSeq 2000 1.16 Gb 2n = 2x = 38 [60]
      6 Cymbidium ensifolium PacBio RSII platform 3.62 Gb 2n = 2x = 40 [61]
      7 Cymbidium goeringii PacBio Sequel platform 4.10 Gb 2n = 40 [62]
      (H) Pot plants 1 Begonia fuchsioides Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 935 Mb 2n = 2x = 22 [24]
      2 Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi MiSeq 260 Mb 2n = 34 [63]
      3 Primula vulgaris Illumina HiSeq 2500 474 Mb 2n = 22 [64]
      4 Rhododendron simsii PacBio RS II, Hi-C 525 Mb 2n = 26 [65]
      5 Sedum album PacBio RS II 305 Mb 2n = 48 [66]
      (I) Shrubs 1 Chimonanthus praecox Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, HiSeq X, Hi-C 778.71 Mb 2n = 22 [67]
      2 Chimonanthus salicifolius Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, Hi-C 835.5 Mb 2n = 22 [68]
      3 Forsythia suspensa Illumina HiSeq 2500, Oxford Nanopore 701.40 Mb 2n = 28 [69]
      4 Gardenia jasminoides Illumina HiSeq 2000, Oxford Nanopore, Hi-C 547.5 Mb 2n = 22 [70]
      5 Hibiscus syriacus HiSeq 2000 1.9 Gb 2n = 4x = 80 [71]
      6 Jasminum sambac Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform - 537.99 Mb 2n = 2x = 26 [72]
      7 Lavandula angustifolia Illumina HiSeq 2000 870 Mb 2n = 50 [73]
      8 Osmanthus fragrans HiSeq X ten, Hi-C 733.5 Mb 2n = 46 [74]
      9 Paeonia suffruticosa BGISEQ-500, PacBio RS II 13.66–15.76 Gb 2n = 10 [75]
      10 Rhododendron delavayi Illumina HiSeq 2000 697.94 Mb 2n = 26 [76]
      11 Rhododendron williamsianum Illumina HiSeq 2000, Hic 532.5 Mb 2n = 2x =26 [77]
      12 Rhododendron griersonianum Illumina HiSeq X Ten system 677 M 2n = 26 [78]
      13 Rhododendron ovatum PacBio Sequel platform 549 Mb 2n = 26 [79]
      (J) Trees 1 Bombax ceiba Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II 809 Mb – [80]
      2 Camptotheca acuminata Illumina HiSeq 2000 516 Mb 2n = 44 [81]
      3 Casuarina equisetifolia Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II 300 Mb – [82]
      4 Casuarina glauca Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 314 Mb 2n = 18 [24]
      5 Cerasus serrulata Illumina X ten, Nanopore, Hic-C 256.65 Mb 2n = 16 [83]
      6 Cerasus yedoensis Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq, HiSeq X 690.1 Mb 2n = 16 [84]
      7 Cercis canadensis Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 301 Mb 2n = 2x = 14 [24]
      8 Fraxinus excelsior Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq, Roche 454 877.24 Mb 2n = 22 [85]
      9 Ginkgo biloba Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 10 Gb 2n = 24 [86]
      10 Handroanthus impetiginosus Illumina HiSeq 2000 557 Mb 2n = 40 [87]
      11 Prunus mume Illumina GA II 280 Mb 2n = 16 [88]
      12 Prunus yedoensis HiSeq X Ten, PacBio RS II 257 Mb 2n = 16 [89]
      13 Liriodendron chinense Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, Bionano 1.8 Gb 2n = 38 [90]
      14 Jacaranda mimosifolia PacBio Sequel II Platform, Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform 707.32 Mb 2n = 36 [91]

      Table 1. 

      A comprehensive and comparative genomics of ornamental plants, insights into genome size, chromosome number, and sequencing technology.

    • Species Delivery method Material Cas9 promotor sgRNA promotor Target gene Final produce Phenotype Ref.
      Campanula portenschlagiana Agrobacterium In vitro grown petioles CaMV 35S AtU6-26 CpEil1a, CpEil1b Plants Increased ethylene tolerance [141]
      Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Sei-Marin' Agrobacterium Young leaves PcUbi AtU6 CpYGFP Plant Decreased fluorescence [150]
      Chrysanthemum morifolium Agrobacterium leaf discs CaMV 35S AtU6-26 CmPDS, CmTGA1 Plant Display an albino phenotype [146]
      Crocus sativus Agrobacterium Corms CaMV 35S − − Plant − [151]
      Dendrobium officinale Agrobacterium Protocorms CaMV 35S OsU3 C3HC4H, 4CL, CCR, IRX Plant − [127]
      Dianthus caryophyllus CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex Leaf segments CaMV 35S AtU6-26 ACS1, ACO1 Plant Reduced ethylene production, delayed flower senescence, improved longevity [140]
      Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia) Agrobacterium mediated Internode stem F3′H Flower colour changed from vivid red to vivid reddish-orange [152]
      Fortunella hindsii Agrobacterium Seedlings CaMV 35S AtU6 FhPDS Plant Albino leaves [153]
      Ipomoea nil 'AK77' Agrobacterium Embryos PcUbi AtU6g InCCD4 Plant Altered flower color [135]
      Ipomoea nil 'AK77' Agrobacterium Embryos PcUbi AtU6g InEPH1 Plant Extended flower longevity [138]
      Ipomoea nil 'Violet' Agrobacterium Embryos PcUbi AtU6g InDFR Plant Altered flower color [132]
      Ipomoea nil 'Violet' Agrobacterium mediated Immature embryo EPH1 Delay in petal senescence [138]
      Japanese Gentian (Albireo) Agrobacterium mediated Leaf Gt5GT, Gt3'GT, Gt5/3'AT Pale red violet, dull pink, and pale mauve flowers [154]
      Japanese Gentian (Albireo) Agrobacterium mediated Leaf GST1 Reduced anthocyanin in petals, white and pale blue flower [136]
      Lilium longiflorum 'White Heaven' Agrobacterium Seedling scales Ubi OsU3 LlPDS Plant Albino leaves [129]
      Lilium pumilum Agrobacterium Embryos Ubi OsU3 LpPDS Plant Albino leaves [129]
      Lotus japonicus Agrobacterium mediated LjLb1, LjLb2, LjLb3 Nodule formation in the presence of rhizobia and establishing low free oxygen concentration in nodule [142]
      Petunia hybrida 'Madness Midnight' PEG Protoplasts − − PhNR Protoplasts − [143]
      Petunia hybrida 'Madness Midnight' PEG Protoplasts − − PhF3H Protoplasts Flower color [134]
      Petunia hybrida 'Mirage Rose' Agrobacterium Young leaves CaMV 35S AtU6 PhACO1 Plant Extended flower longevity [137]
      Petunia hybrid 'Mitchell Diploid' Agrobacterium mediated Leaf DPL Absence of the Vein associated anthocyanin pattern [155]
      Petunia hybrida 'Mitchell' Agrobacterium Young leaves CaMV 35S AtU6 PhPDS Plant Albino leaves [144]
      Petunia × hybrida 'Mitchell Diploid' Agrobacterium Young leaves CaMV 35S 6 (AtU6) PhFT1, PhTFL1a, etc. Plant Early Flowering, Increased Branching [130]
      Petunia inflata Agrobacterium Young leaves CaMV 35S AtU6 PiSSK1 Plant Altered compatibility of pollens [145]
      Phalaenopsis amabilis Agrobacterium mediated PDS3 Protocorms Albino leaf [156]
      Phalaenopsis equestris Agrobacterium mediated MADS44, MADS36 and MADS8 Long juvenile period [128]
      Populus tomentosa Carr. (clone 741) Agrobacterium mediated Leaf PtoPDS Albino phenotype was observed [157]
      Festuca arundinacea. Transient Agrobacterium mediated transformation Leaf SGR Chlorophyll degradation [158]
      Salvia miltiorrhiza (SmCPS1) Tanshinone biosynthesis [133]
      Torenia fournieri 'Crown Violet' Agrobacterium Young leaves CaMV 35S AtU6 TfF3H Plant Altered flower color [131]
      Torenia fournieri TfRAD1 Leaf sections Flowers with abnormal shape & pigmentation [159]

      Table 2. 

      Comprehensive list of genome-edited ornamentals plants, targets, tools, and phenotypic outcomes.