Figures (0)  Tables (5)
    • Variable Definition/measurements Pool sample
      Crop rotation (CR) 1 if the farmer applied CR on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.58 (0.49)
      Animal manure (AM) 1 if the farmer applied AM on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.43 (0.49)
      Minimum tillage (MT) 1 if the farmer applied MT on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.32 (0.46)
      Residue retention (RR) 1 if the farmer applied RR on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.43 (0.50)
      Chemical fertilizer (CF) 1 if the farmer applied CF on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.54 (0.50)
      Pesticides/herbicides (PH) 1 if pesticides/herbicides are applied to the plots; 0 if otherwise 0.44 (0.50)
      Rainwater harvesting (RH) 1 if the farmer applied RH on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.10 (0.30)
      Improved seeds (IS) 1 if the farmer applied IS on his plots; 0 if otherwise 0.24 (0.17)
      Number of SAPs Number of SAPs adopted per plot 5.13 (3.14)
      Household/plot characteristics
      Sex_HHH Sex of the household head (1 if male; 0 if otherwise) 0.67 (0.47)
      Age_HHH Age of the head of the household (years) 39.89 (21.88)
      Education_HHH Education of head (years) 4.33 (4.20)
      Labour use Number of household members working on the farm 3.03 (3.16)
      TLU* Total livestock holding in Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) 5.12 (1.60)
      FBO membership status 1 if the head is a member of any local farmer organisation dealing with agriculture; 0 if otherwise 0.32 (0.47)
      Asset index Household asset index 1.18 (1.02)
      Dependency ratio The ratio of household members aged below 15 and above 61 to those aged 15–61 3.01 (0.72)
      Plot_size Size of plot cultivated (hectares) 7.62 (12.68)
      Plot_title 1 if the plot is registered; 0 if otherwise 0.41 (0.49
      Plot_distance Plot distance to the nearest market outlet/crop depot (km) 6.39 (3.78)
      Institutional conditions
      Contract farming 1 if there are any contract farming/outgrower schemes present in the village; 0 if otherwise 0.14 (0.35)
      Credit 1 if credit is available in the village for farmers; 0 if otherwise 0.29 (0.45)
      Tenure security 1 if there is the presence of small-scale farmers in the village who hold a formal title to land; 0 if otherwise 0.62 (0.45)
      Extension advice 1 if the village at present has access to extension services; 0 if otherwise 0.75 (1.10)
      Agroecological/location characteristics
      Above_average*** 1 if rainfall in the village is perceived as above average; 0 if otherwise 0.48 (0.30)
      Average*** 1 if rainfall in the village is perceived as average; 0 if otherwise 0.54 (0.50)
      Below_average*** 1 if rainfall in the village is perceived as below average; 0 if otherwise 0.55 (0.50)
      Ethiopia# 1 if Ethiopia is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.13 (0.33)
      Ghana# 1 if Kenya is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.15 (0.36)
      Kenya# 1 if Tanzania is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.08 (0.27)
      Malawi# 1 if Ghana is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.10 (0.31)
      Nigeria# 1 if Nigeria is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.11 (0.32)
      Tanzania# 1 if Malawi is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.10 (0.31)
      Zambia# 1 if Zambia is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.11 (0.32)
      Mozambique# 1 if Mozambique is the location of the household; 0 if otherwise 0.11 (0.31)
      Instruments
      Knowledge of irrigation 1 if the household head has the knowledge to practice irrigation; 0 if otherwise 0.52 (0.50)
      Individual_HH** 1 if the irrigation facility is managed by individual households; 0 if otherwise 0.37 (0.48)
      Association_HH** 1 if the irrigation facility is managed by associations of households at the local level; 0 if otherwise 0.37 (0.48)
      Supravillage_organisation** 1 if the irrigation facility is managed by supravillage organisations at the district/state level; 0 if otherwise 0.25 (0.43)
      Agric_organisation 1 if there is the presence of any agriculture-related organisation in the village; 0 if otherwise 0.53 (0.50)
      Modern_grain store 1 if modern grain stores are available in the village; 0 if otherwise 0.20 (0.40)
      Food_storage_org 1 if the organisation in-charge of food storage is available in the village; 0 if otherwise 0.13 (0.32)
      * For TLU in sub-Saharan Africa, rate of conversion for cattle = 0.5, sheep = 0.1, goats = 0.1, pigs = 0.2, camel = 0.7, chicken = 0.01. ** The reference categories for management of irrigation facility is Individual_HH. *** The reference categories for rainfall conditions is Below_average. # The reference categories for country of location of household is Mozambique.

      Table 1. 

      Measurements and summary statistics of the variables used in the analysis.

    • Infrastructure Definition/measurements Mean
      2002/04 2008/10 Pooled sample
      Use of irrigation facilities 1 if the household produces with a privately owned well, river diversion, community-owned irrigation system, or government-owned irrigation scheme; 0 if otherwise) 0.67 (0.47) 0.72 (0.45) 0.71 (0.45)
      Use of product/produce storage facilities 1 if household stores produce with bags inside the house, proper store, or granary; 0 if otherwise 0.93 (0.26) 0.81 (0.29) 0.88 (0.28)
      Figures in parentheses are the standard deviations.

      Table 2. 

      Use of infrastructure by survey wave.

    • SAPs Use of irrigation facility Use of storage facility
      2002/04 2008/10 2002/04 2008/10
      Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.
      CR 0.54 0.50 0.70 0.46 0.64 0.48 0.57 0.50
      AM 0.60 0.49 0.64 0.48 0.40 0.49 0.46 0.49
      MT 0.42 0.50 0.48 0.50 0.25 0.44 0.33 0.47
      RR 0.64 0.48 0.80 0.40 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59
      CF 0.41 0.49 0.65 0.48 0.46 0.50 0.40 0.49
      PH 0.65 0.48 0.69 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.42 0.50
      RH 0.09 0.29 0.20 0.40 0.15 0.32 0.09 0.29
      IS 0.05 0.23 0.22 0.41 0.06 0.23 0.17 0.35
      No. of SAP 5.39 3.48 5.13 2.78 5.41 3.47 5.17 2.78
      Crop rotation (CR), animal manure (AM), minimum tillage (MT), residue incorporation (RR), improved seeds (IS), rainwater harvesting (RH), pesticides/herbicides (PH), and chemical fertilizer (CF).

      Table 3. 

      Adoption of SAPs by status of use of infrastructure and survey wave.

    • Variables CR AM MT RR CF PH IS RH
      Household/farm characteristics
      Sex_HHH 0.0468*** 0.0473*** 0.0156* 0.0516* 0.0667* 0.0482* 0.0494*** 0.0408*
      (0.0113) (0.0115) (0.0081) (0.0299) (0.0391) (0.0254) (0.0187) (0.0229)
      Age_HHH 0.00424 0.000376 0.000286 0.00317 0.00131 −0.00123 −0.00120 0.000258
      (0.00330) (0.00324) (0.00303) (0.00361) (0.00423) (0.00212) (0.00408) (0.00336)
      Education_HHH 0.0125 0.0130 −0.00896 −0.00339 0.0222 −0.000829 −0.00105 −0.0132
      (0.0120) (0.0120) (0.0115) (0.0133) (0.0157) (0.00769) (0.0157) (0.0126)
      Labour use −0.0131 −0.00752 −0. 0.0188 −0.0134 0.00551 0.0110 −0.0130
      (0.0129) (0.0126) (0.0120) (0.0124) (0.0162) (0.00795) (0.0163) (0.0133)
      TLU 0.270** 0.236** 0.511*** 0.076 0.379*** 0.543*** 0.332*** 0.259*
      (0.119) (0.113) (0.136) (0.315) (0.074) (0.133) (0.089) (0.091)
      FBO membership status 0.0360 0.0846 0.0848 −0.0998 −0.0919 0.113 0.0542 0.00787
      (0.146) (0.141) (0.134) (0.162) (0.195) (0.0913) (0.187) (0.156)
      FBO_residual 0.113 −0.179 −0.170 −0.244 −0.227 0.130 0.0934 0.0153
      (0.162) (0.159) (0.145) (0.167) (0.214) (0.100) (0.189) (0.173)
      Asset_index 0.0449*** 0.0424* 0. 0409** −0.136 0.0682*** 0.0275* 0.0462*** 0.0447***
      (0.0136) (0. 0233) (0.0193) (0.249) (0.0238) (0.0155) (0.0183) (0.0145)
      Dep_ratio −0.00383 0.0495 −0.216 −0.0290 0.0329 0.0394 0.0140 0.0451
      (0.0528) (0.0461) (0.144) (0.0574) (0.0614) (0.0319) (0.0586) (0.0478)
      Plot_size 0.589*** −0.679*** 0.923*** 0.580*** −0.616*** −0.589*** −0.332*** −1.285**
      (0.191) (0.158) (0.212) (0. 226) (0.059) (0. 137) (0.089) (0.625)
      Plot_title 0.166*** 0.381** 0.023 0.103 0.125*** 0.006 0.114 0.261***
      (0.042) (0.189) (0.126) (0.124) (0.044) (0.125) (0.129) (0.062)
      Plot_distance −0.589*** −0.679*** 0.114** 0.405*** −0.721*** −0. 476*** −0.353** 0.241*
      (0.191) (0.158) (0.045) (0.129) (0.247) (0.147) (0.154) (0.143)
      Institutional conditions
      Contract −0.0740 0.0687 0.289 0.256 −0.00264 0.175 0.0716 −0.256
      (0.228) (0.219) (0.210) (0.242) (0.303) (0.133) (0.261) (0.227)
      Credit 0.005 −0.275* −0.0170 0.0466 −0.0962* −0.0930** −0.155* 0.160
      (0.004) (0.149) (0.200) (0.164) (0.0522) (0. 0431) (0.0829) (0.162)
      Tenure_sec −0.0133 0.117 0.116 0.0502 0.109 −0.0367 −0.0154 −0.200
      (0.140) (0.137) (0.127) (0.151) (0.178) (0.0877) (0.174) (0.143)
      Extension −0.102 −0.0883 −0.155 −0.277* 0.0681 0.156* −0.245 −0.224
      (0.133) (0.132) (0.122) (0.143) (0.172) (0.0832) (0.167) (0.143)
      Agroecological/location dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
      Infrastructure use
      Produce/product_storage_facility 0.296*** 0.547* 0.580** 0.508** 0.585* 0.318* 0.330* 0.444**
      (0.091) (0.287) (0.287) (0.229) (0.345) (0.188) (0.183) (0.214)
      Irrigation_facility 0.253*** 0.285*** 0.678** 0.823* 0.546* 0.343*** 0.332* −0.384***
      (0.086) (0.067) (0.345) (0.445) (0.283) (0.132) (0.198) (0.149)
      Year 0.003 0.000 0.000 −0.001*** −0.000 −1.165*** −1.100* 0.270**
      (0.004) (0.005) (0.004) (0.000) (0.000) (0.317) (0.660) (0.119)
      Constant −2.065*** −1.595*** −0.158 −2.523*** −2.047*** −0.624*** −0.617** −1.152***
      (0.384) (0.373) (0.334) (0.423) (0.474) (0.238) (0.250) (0.389)
      χ2(18)- Statistics for joint significance
      of mean of plot varying covariates      		 79.56 67.01 57.51 80.33 67.23 63.45 90.21 68.66
      Observations 2,548 2,548 2,548 2,548 2,548 2,548 2,548 2,548
      Standard errors in parentheses. p-values in squared brackets *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

      Table 4. 

      Coefficient estimates of the CRE-MVP.

    • ATET_ L_SAPs Irrigation facility Produce/product storage facilities
      ATET_Pr1 (1 vs 0) −0.50 (0.12)*** −0.11 (0.02)***
      ATET_Pr2 (1 vs 0) −0.10 (0.03)*** −0.13 (0.06)**
      ATET_Pr3 (1 vs 0) 0.14 (0.04)*** 0.10 (0.03)***
      ATET_Pr4 (1 vs 0) 0.18 (0.04)*** 0.19 (0.03)***
      ATET_Pr5 (1 vs 0) 0.38 (0.03)*** 0.35 (0.17)**
      *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Robust standard errors are in parentheses; ATET is the average treatment effect on the treated; L_SAPs is level of adoption of SAPs, ATET_Pr1, ATET_Pr2, ATET-Pr3, ATET_Pr4, and ATET_Pr5 represent ATET on the probability of adopting 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 or more of any SAPs in this study.

      Table 5. 

      Average effect of infrastructure (ATET) on the level of adoption of SAPs.