Figures (6)  Tables (0)

    • Figure 1. 

      Schematic diagram of the construction of plant polyphenol biomaterials.

    • Figure 2. 

      (a) Natural polyphenolic ND synthesis through covalent oxidative polymerization and physical assembly pathway[34] ©2023, Wiley. (b) Schematic diagram for the synthesis of mesoporous catechin nanoparticles, structural features, and strong adhesion to bacteria[35] ©2024, ACS Publications. (c) Schematic illustration of composite nanoparticles bound to acidification hyaluronic acid and MMP-targeting peptides[37] ©2024, ACS Publications. (d) Fabrication of the CEPG/CAT-MN patch and its application in the prevention and treatment of RISI[38] ©2024, ACS Publications.

    • Figure 3. 

      (a) pH-dependent transition of FeIII-TA complex (MPN) state, and schematic representation of the transformation of CNC into CNC@MPN and the action of MPN occurring on the surface of CNC[41] ©2024, Wiley. (b) E-Au NPs were developed through direct one-step self-assembly methods, and the outstanding antibacterial effect involved in mild photothermal therapy, reactive oxygen species production, pathogenicity-related genes regulation, and quinoprotein formation[43]. (c) Preparation of CuBes and inhibition of algal cells[44] ©2023, ACS Publications. (d) Preparation of QFN and its anti-inflammatory and anti-senescent effects in protecting against ALF[48] ©2025, Ivyspring.

    • Figure 4. 

      (a) Sprayable hydrogel dressing containing Mg-GA MOF[56] ©2023, Elsevier. (b) ZPTA-G/HMA cross-links under GL irradiation to generate ROS to realize in situ cross-linking, adhesion, hemostasis and antimicrobial functions in one step[60] ©2023, Elsevier. (c) Synthesis of SalB-CuNCs nanozymes and preparation of the nanozyme-based hydrogel system, enzyme-like cascade reaction, oxygen-supplying and angiogenesis promotion effect of COC@SalB-Cu hydrogel[64] ©2024, Wiley. (d) Schematic diagram of the CETHR coating[67] ©2024, ACS Publications.

    • Figure 5. 

      (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of EGCG CS hydrogel and the cross-linking mechanism of EGCG-CS hydrogel[74] ©2020, Elsevier. (b) QCS/TA hydrogels were injected into the site of injury[75] ©2022, ACS Publications. (c) Schematic illustration of the preparation of Cu-TA nanocomposite films[79] ©2025, Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of the construction of the functionalized CS hydrogel and its application in myocardial infarction repair[68] ©2024, Wiley.

    • Figure 6. 

      (a) Fabrication process of eutectogels[83] ©2024, Wiley. (b) Schematic diagram of the formation of coating through polyphenolic polymers on the surface of tumor cells for metabolite inhibition[86] ©2024, Elsevier. (c) Representative drug delivery systems for polyphenol[21] ©2023, MDPI. (d) Schematic illustration of EGCG-ACP promotion of enamel remineralization and prevention of demineralization in vitro, and its restoration of enamel remineralization in the presence of bacteria in vivo[91] ©2023, Elsevier.