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Figure 1. 

Morphological changes of explants during Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in non-heading Chinese cabbage. (a) CK_S1: Subpetioles of 4-day-old seedlings precultured on the preculture medium for 2 d. (b), (c) CK_S2 and CDF1_S2: Uninfected and infected subpetioles after co-culture on the co-culture medium for 3 d in the dark. (d), (e) CK_S3 and CDF1_S3: Uninfected and infected explants cultured on the callus induction medium supplemented with 250 mg/L carbenicillin disodium (Carb) and 250 mg/L timentin (TMT) for 6 d.

Figure 2. 

Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across diverse samples in non-heading Chinese cabbage. (a) Venn diagram comparing CK_S2/CK_S1 and CDF1_S2/CK_S1. (b) Statistical data on the number of upregulated and downregulated genes in each comparison group. Red indicates upregulated DEGs, and blue indicates downregulated DEGs.

Figure 3. 

Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cotyledon stalk of the CDF1_S2/CK_S1 set, which was performed using Omicshare online software.

Figure 4. 

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the DEGs in the cotyledon stalks of the CDF1_S2/CK_S1 set. (a) Top 30 KEGG enrichment pathways. (b) Summary of the KEGG pathways. (c) Bubble plot of KEGG enrichment analysis. Different colors represent different KEGG A-class categories.

Figure 5. 

Venn diagram analysis of (a) genes and (b) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the leaf transcriptome and the transcriptomes before and after callus growth (CDF1_S3/CK_S2).

Figure 6. 

(a) Heatmap showing the fragments per kilobase per million mapped fragments (FPKM) values of DEFL in the cotyledon petiole samples across the following stages: CK_S1 (preculture), CK_S2 (mock co-culture), CDF1_S2 (co-culture after 3 d), CK_S3 (mock callus induction), and CDF1_S3 (callus induction after 6 d). Color intensity (blue to red) represents the FPKM level. (b)–(g) The relative expression levels of six randomly selected genes from the transcriptome. * represents p < 0.05, indicating a significant difference; ** represents p < 0.01, suggesting a highly significant difference; *** represents p < 0.001, demonstrating a very highly significant difference; and **** represents p < 0.0001, showing an extremely significant difference. Data represent the mean ± SD of three independent biological replicates (n = 3).