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Figure 1.
Location map of 511 wild cacao collections in Peru. Using R software.
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Figure 2.
Biplot resulting from the principal components analysis based on quantitative traits with the most contribution to the phenotypic diversity of cacao in Peruvian river basins.
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Figure 3.
Dendrogram resulting from the cluster analysis based on 27 agronomic traits of 511 wild cacao accessions from Peruvian river basins.
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Department River basin, collection and planted year Range of geographical coordinates Altitude m.a.s.l. Accessions Latitude south Longitude west Loreto
(n = 282)Aypena (n = 22)
20085.15322°−5.19753° 76.01758°−76.08981° 120−133 AYP-1, AYP-2, AYP-3, AYP-4, AYP-5, AYP-6, AYP-7, AYP-8, AYP-9, AYP-10, AYP-11, AYP-12, AYP-13, AYP-14, AYP-15, AYP-16, AYP-17, AYP-18, AYP-19, AYP-20, AYP-21, AYP-22 Marañón (n = 22)
20085.00139°−5.00222° 75.85292°−75.85792° 124−139 MACH-23, MACH-24, MACH-25, MACH-26, MACH-27, MACH-28, MACH-29, MACH-30, MACH-31, MACH-32, MACH-33, MACH-34, MACH-35, MACH-36, MACH-37, MACH-38, MACH-39, MACH-40, MACH-41, MACH-42, MACH-43, MACH-44 Ungurahui (n = 38)
20084.76397°−4.77833° 76.44006°−76.44311° 127−144 UNG-45, UNG-46, UNG-47, UNG-48, UNG-49, UNG-50, UNG-51, UNG-52, UNG-53, UNG-54, UNG-55, UNG-56, UNG-57, UNG-58, UNG-59, UNG-60, UNG-61, UNG-62, UNG-63, UNG-64, UNG-65, UNG-66, UNG-67, UNG-68, UNG-69, UNG-70, UNG-71, UNG-72, UNG-73, UNG-74, UNG-75, UNG-76, UNG-77, UNG-78, UNG-79, UNG-80, UNG-81, UNG-82 Pastaza (n = 24)
20084.83819°−4.86897° 76.42342°−76.43353° 129−140 PAS-83, PAS-84, PAS-85, PAS-86, PAS-87, PAS-88, PAS-89, PAS-90, PAS-91, PAS-92, PAS-93, PAS-94, PAS-95, PAS-96, PAS-97, PAS-98, PAS-99, PAS-100, PAS-101, PAS-102, PAS-103, PAS-104, PAS-105, PAS-106 Ungumayo (n = 26)
20084.73297°−4.90708° 76.14847°−76.24644° 127−141 UGU-107, UGU-108, UGU-109, UGU-110, UGU-111, UGU-112, UGU-113, UGU-114, UGU-115, UGU-116, UGU-117, UGU-118, UGU-119, UGU-120, UGU-121, UGU-122, UGU-123, UGU-124, UGU-125, UGU-126, UGU-127, UGU-128, UGU-129, UGU-130, UGU-131, UGU-132 Nucuray (n = 25)
20084.86900°−4.91703° 75.74594°−75.77547° 115−131 NUC-133, NUC-134, NUC-135, NUC-136, NUC-137, NUC-138, NUC-139, NUC-140, NUC-141, NUC-142, NUC-143, NUC-144, NUC-145, NUC-146, NUC-147, NUC-148, NUC-149, NUC-150, NUC-151, NUC-152, NUC-153, NUC-154, NUC-155, NUC-156, NUC-157 Urituyacu (n = 33)
20084.80644°−4.83300° 75.39525°−75.47986° 97−130 URI-158, URI-159, URI-160, URI-161, URI-162, URI-163, URI-164, URI-165, URI-166, URI-167, URI-168, URI-169, URI-170, URI-171, URI-172, URI-173, URI-174, URI-175, URI-176, URI-177, URI-178, URI-179, URI-180, URI-181, URI-182, URI-183, URI-184, URI-185, URI-186, URI-187, URI-188, URI-189, URI-190 Morona (N = 50)
20093.56269°−4.71822° 77.08089°−77.49225° 136−196 MOR-192, MOR-194, MOR-196, MOR-198, MOR-200, MOR-202, MOR-204, MOR-206, MOR-208, MOR-210, MOR-212, MOR-214, MOR-216, MOR-218, MOR-220, MOR-222, MOR-224, MOR-226, MOR-228, MOR-230, MOR-232, MOR-234, MOR-236, MOR-238, MOR-240, MOR-242, MOR 244, MOR-246, MOR-248, MOR-250, MOR-252, MOR-254, MOR-256, MOR-258, MOR-260, MOR-262, MOR 264, MOR-266, MOR-268, MOR-270, MOR-272, MOR-274, MOR-276, MOR-278, MOR-280, MOR-282, MOR-284, MOR-286, MOR-288, MOR-290 Chambira (n = 20)
20134.29673°−4.52512° 74.11835°−75.09407° 113−118 CH-267, CH-269, CH-271, CH-273, CH-275, CH-277, CH-279, CH-281, CH-283, CH-285, CH-287, CH-289, CH-291, CH-292, CH-293, CH-294, CH-295, CH-296, CH-297, CH-298 Tigre (n = 22)
20133.84153°−4.44577° 74.11407°−74.41777° 99−125 TIG-299, TIG-300, TIG-301, TIG-302, TIG-303, TIG-304, TIG-305, TIG-306, TIG-307, TIG-308, TIG-309, TIG-310, TIG-311, TIG-312, TIG-313, TIG-314, TIG-315, TIG-316, TIG-317, TIG-318, TIG-319, TIG-320 Loreto
(n = 80)Napo (n = 22)
20132.81950°−3.48998° 72.64783°−73.53973° 92−104 NAP-321, NAP-322, NAP-323, NAP-324, NAP-325, NAP-326, NAP-327, NAP-328, NAP-329, NAP-330, NAP-331, NAP-332, NAP-333, NAP-334, NAP-335, NAP-336, NAP-337, NAP-338, NAP-339, NAP-340, NAP-341, NAP-342 Putumayo (n = 18)
20150.07867°−2.33301° 73.03614°−75.24604° 40−222 PUT(A)-460, PUT(B)-460, PUT-462, PUT-464, PUT-466, PUT-466(A), PUT-466(B), PUT-468, PUT-468(A), PUT-470, PUT-472, PUT-474, PUT-476, PUT-478, PUT-480, PUT-482, PUT-484, PUT-486 Yavari (n = 23)
20153.88507°−4.17261 70.35288°−70.57453° 91−101 YAV-435, YAV-437, YAV-439, YAV- 441, YAV-443, YAV-445, YAV-447, YAV-449, YAV-451, YAV-453, YAV-455, YAV-457, YAV-459, YAV-461, YAV-463, YAV-465, YAV-467, YAV-469, YAV-471, YAV-473, YAV-475, YAV-477, YAV-479 Amazonas (n = 17)
20153.85979°−4.00796° 70.53532°−71.15834° 77−101 AMZ-436, AMZ-438, AMZ-440, AMZ-442, AMZ-446, AMZ-448, AMZ-452, AMZ-454, AMZ-456, AMZ-481, AMZ-483, AMZ-485, AMZ-487, AMZ-489, AMZ-491, AMZ-493, AMZ-495 Amazonas
(n = 38)Santiago(n = 38)
20093.10756°−4.44411° 77.56778°−77.87917° 148−252 SAN-191, SAN-193, SAN-195, SAN-197, SAN-199, SAN-201, SAN-203, SAN-205, SAN-207, SAN-209, SAN-211, SAN-213, SAN-215, SAN-217, SAN-219, SAN-221, SAN-223, SAN-225, SAN-227, SAN-229, SAN-231, SAN-233, SAN-235, SAN-237, SAN-239, SAN-241, SAN-243, SAN-245, SAN-247, SAN-249, SAN-251, SAN-253, SAN-255, SAN-257, SAN-259, SAN-261, SAN-263, SAN-265 Cuzco
(n = 22)Urubamba
(n = 22) 201012.62803°−13.01153° 72.53150°−72.92381° 665−1,478 CHUN-1, CHUN-2, CHUN-3, CHUN-4, CHUN-5, CHUN-6, CHUN-7, CHUN-8, CHUN-9, CHUN-10, CHUN-11, CHUN-12, CHUN-13, CHUN-14, CHUN-15, CHUN-16, CHUN-17, CHUN-18, CHUN-19, CHUN-20, CHUN-21, CHUN-22 Madre de Dios
(n = 55)Madre de Dios
(n = 55) 201011.31142°−12.60000° 68.65986°−69.41619° 171−316 PPA-346, PPA-347, PPA-348, PPA-349, PPA-350, PPA-351, PPA-352, PPA-353, PPA-354, PPA-355, PPA-356, PPA-357, HIT-358, HIT-359, HIT-360, HIT-361, HIT-362, HIT-363, HIT-364, PPR-365, PPR-366, PPR-367, PPR-368, PPR-369, SFR-370, SFR-371, SFR-372, SFR-373, SFR-374, SFR-375, SFR-376, SFR-377, SFR-378, SND-379, SND-380, SND-381, SND-382, SND-383, SND-384, SND-385, ROL-385, ROL-386, ROL-386, ROL-387, ROL-388, ROL-389, ARR-390, ARR-391, ARR-392, ARR-393, ARR-394, ARR-395, ARR-396, ARR-397, ARR-398, ARR-399, ARR-400 Ucayali
(n = 34)Ucayali (n = 34)
20108.20719°−8.69872° 74.16783°−74.40353° 153−164 TAM-401, TAM-402, TAM-403, TAM-404, TAM-405, TAM-406, TAM-407, TAM-408, TAM-409, TAM-410, TAM-411, TAM-412, TAM-413, TAM-414, TAM-415, TAM-416, TAM-417, ABJ-418, ABJ-419, ABJ-420, ABJ-421, ABJ-422, UTQ-423, UTQ-424, UTQ-425, UTQ-426, UTQ-427, UTQ-428, UTQ-429, UTQ-430, UTQ-431, UTQ-432, UTQ-433, UTQ-434 Table 1.
Accessions and location of collection of 511 wild cacao, planted and preserved at the germplasm bank of ICT in Tarapoto, Peru.
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N° Descriptor Leaf 1 Length (LL) and width (WL) of the leaf in centimeters 2 Length from base to the most comprehensive point of a leaf (LBL) in centimeters 3 Petiole length (PL) in centimeters Fruit 4 Fruit weight (FW) in grams 5 Seed fresh weight (SFW) and Seed dry weight (SDW) 6 Length (FL) and diameter (FD) of fruits in centimeters 7 Length (FL)/diameter (FD) ratio (FL/FD) 8 Husk thickness (HusT) in centimeters 9 Furrow depth (FwD) in centimeters 10 Pod index (PI) [1,000/SDW] Seed 11 Seed number per fruit (SeN) 12 Seed index (SI) [SDW/SeN] 13 Length (SeL) and width (SeW) of the seeds in millimeters 14 Seed thickness (SeT) in millimeters Flower 15 Length (SepL) and width (SepW) of the sepal in millimeters 16 Length (PeL) and width (PeW) of the petal in millimeters 17 Staminodium length (StL) in millimeters 18 Length (OvL) and width (OvW) of the ovary in millimeters 19 Style Length (StyL) in millimeters 20 Number of ovules per ovary (Ov/o) Table 2.
Agro-morphological descriptors considered in this study.
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Variables* Min Max Mean ± SD CV % F p-value LL (cm) 23.54 34.4 28.78 ± 3.92 13.63 1.13 0.03871 LW (cm) 6.88 13.36 9.89 ± 2.10 21.18 1.19 0.00507 LBL (cm) 11.52 20.52 14.65 ± 2.57 17.53 1.20 0.00329 PL (cm) 1.26 4.94 1.81 ± 0.53 29.39 1.46 < 0.0001 FW (g) 348.34 763.27 568.25 ± 179.64 31.61 0.95 0.7533 SFW (g) 62.54 166.13 100.7 ± 30.55 30.34 1.42 < 0.0001 SDW (g) 24.37 63.2 36.75 ± 10.65 28.99 1.50 < 0.0001 FL (cm) 15.04 22.36 18.78 ± 2.05 10.94 1.68 < 0.0001 FD (cm) 6.72 14.25 11.36 ± 2.06 18.17 3.86 < 0.0001 FL/FD 1.24 2.9 1.71 ± 0.39 22.70 2.99 < 0.0001 FwD (mm) 5.5 16.93 8.3 ± 2.74 33.02 2.88 < 0.0001 HusT (mm) 10.13 21.3 15.49 ± 3.70 23.86 3.20 < 0.0001 SeN (n) 21.2 46.8 33.09 ± 7.59 22.93 1.15 0.02259 SI (g) 0.8 1.64 1.13 ± 0.26 23.34 1.80 < 0.0001 PI (n) 16.4 43.6 29.67 ± 8.32 28.03 1.41 < 0.0001 SeL (mm) 16.99 26.54 21.57 ± 2.78 12.89 3.45 < 0.0001 SeW (mm) 10.2 15.45 12.53 ± 1.32 10.56 3.74 < 0.0001 SeT (mm) 5.99 12.02 9.3 ± 1.58 16.95 2.25 < 0.0001 SepL (mm) 4.88 9.5 7.21 ± 1.19 16.45 1.74 < 0.0001 SepW (mm) 1.44 2.97 2.14 ± 0.45 21.02 1.74 < 0.0001 PeL (mm) 3 6.44 4.52 ± 0.80 17.78 6.48 < 0.0001 PeW (mm) 1.24 2.8 1.93 ± 0.41 21.39 4.52 < 0.0001 StL (mm) 3.76 7.04 5.19 ± 0.68 13.16 2.86 < 0.0001 OvL (mm) 1.16 2.28 1.68 ± 0.32 18.92 2.33 < 0.0001 OvW (mm) 0.72 1.6 1.16 ± 0.28 23.71 2.88 < 0.0001 StyL (mm) 1.3 2.98 2.31 ± 0.36 15.76 2.97 < 0.0001 Ov/o (n) 22.4 47.4 35.59 ± 7.35 20.65 4.89 < 0.0001 * Leaf traits: Leaf length (LL), Leaf width (LW), Length from base to widest point of a leaf (LBL), Petiole length (PL). Fruit traits: Fruit weight (FW), Fruit length (FL), Fruit diameter (FD), Fruit length-to-diameter ratio (FL/FD), Furrow depth (FwD), Husk thickness (HusT), Pod index (PI). Seed traits: Seed fresh weight (SFW), Seed dry weight (SDW), Seed number per fruit (SeN), Seed index (SI), Seed length (SeL), Seed width (SeW), Seed thickness (SeT). Floral traits: Sepal length (SepL), Sepal width (SepW), Petal length (PeL), Petal width (PeW), Staminate length (StL), Ovary length (OvL), Ovary width (OvW), Style length (StyL), Ovules per ovary (Ov/o). CV = coefficient of variability; F and p-value determined from analysis of variance. Table 3.
Minimum (min), maximum (max), mean values ± standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) for 27 leaf, fruit, seed, and flower descriptors of 511 accessions of wild cacao from the Peruvian Amazonia.
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Traits** River basin* AMZ AYP CHA MDD MAR MOR NAP NUC PAS PUT SAN TIG UCA UGU UNG URI URU YAV CV % F p-value LL (cm) 28.68 28.36 28.66 29.14 28.34 28.82 29.15 27.85 28.77 28.12 28.85 28.97 29.25 29.59 28.47 29.01 28.77 28.34 6.34 1.47 0.0986 LW (cm) 9.86 b 10.38 a 10.10 a 9.62 b 9.61 b 9.71 b 10.05 a 10.10 a 10.46 a 9.94 a 9.86 b 9.73 b 9.97 a 10.19 a 9.76 b 9.64 b 9.49 b 10.33 a 9.95 2.22 0.0034 LBL (cm) 14.36 b 15.01 a 14.71 b 14.28 b 14.34 b 14.45 b 14.66 b 15.06 a 15.31 a 14.54 b 14.47 b 14.29 b 14.58 b 15.52 a 14.73 b 14.94 a 14.18 b 14.66 b 8.22 2.53 0.0007 PL (cm) 1.66 1.93 1.85 1.78 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.82 1.86 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.81 1.82 1.92 1.80 1.75 1.81 15.15 1.18 0.2788 FW (g) 559.39 549.79 587.93 557.59 583.63 576.50 573.22 587.79 561.59 567.38 565.02 565.05 574.11 568.96 564.30 561.19 558.57 574.62 13.99 0.46 0.9684 SFW (g) 110.12 a 94.07 c 105.33 b 117.48 a 99.64 b 89.6 d 100.55 b 83.52 d 90.63 d 103.26 b 103.49 b 102.56 b 105.15 b 101.53 b 101.89 b 95.92 c 95.51 c 104.47 b 13.21 12.40 <0.0001 SDW (g) 39.88 b 34.12 c 38.26 b 42.98 a 36.20 b 32.85 d 36.62 b 30.60 d 33.17 d 37.72 b 37.60 b 37.55 b 38.27 b 36.96 b 37.33 b 35.16 c 34.80 c 38.1 b 12.81 12.95 <0.0001 FL (cm) 19.07 a 18.93 a 17.27 b 19.11 a 18.84 a 18.65 a 19.19 a 18.85 a 19.16 a 19.08 a 16.85 b 19.01 a 19.22 a 18.65 a 19.11 a 18.96 a 19.18 a 19.30 a 4.84 16.28 <0.0001 FD (cm) 12.15 a 12.33 a 11.78 a 11.91 a 12.06 a 8.94 b 12.03 a 11.93 a 12.04 a 12.04 a 9.21 b 12.15 a 12.01 a 12.08 a 12.01 a 12.08 a 11.66 a 8.93 b 6.74 78.11 <0.0001 FL/FD 1.60 c 1.56 c 1.50 c 1.64 c 1.60 c 2.17 a 1.63 c 1.61 c 1.62 c 1.62 c 1.87 b 1.59 c 1.63 c 1.58 c 1.63 c 1.60 c 1.68 c 2.17 a 9.04 51.99 <0.0001 FwD (mm) 7.31 d 8.26 c 7.46 d 7.58 d 7.98 c 11.88 a 7.88 c 8.43 c 7.93 c 7.32 d 10.30 b 7.66 d 7.23 d 8.20 c 7.83 c 7.90 c 6.62 e 7.50 d 13.16 50.06 <0.0001 HusT (mm) 13.68 d 17.36 b 13.5 d 13.8 d 16.85 b 18.09 a 13.44 d 17.24 b 17.5 b 13.08 d 15.44 c 13.63 d 13.83 d 17.34 b 17.59 b 17.51 b 11.38 e 13.45 d 8.96 65.67 <0.0001 SeN (n) 31.98 c 32.69 c 31.69 c 34.69 b 33.09 c 32.70 c 31.8 c 33.34 c 33.00 c 33.51 c 32.72 c 31.38 c 34.32 b 32.58 c 33.33 c 31.33 c 36.67 a 33.02 c 10.34 3.86 <0.0001 SI (g) 1.25 a 1.05 c 1.22 a 1.25 a 1.10 b 1.01 c 1.16 b 0.92 d 1.01 c 1.15 b 1.17 b 1.22 a 1.14 b 1.15 b 1.14 b 1.15 b 0.95 d 1.19 b 10.10 20.76 <0.0001 PI (n) 27.84 c 31.85 b 28.77 c 26.20 d 29.93 c 31.98 b 29.65 c 34.18 a 32.13 b 28.47 c 28.58 c 28.34 c 28.16 c 29.00 c 28.64 c 30.21 c 34.61 a 28.51 c 12.36 11.28 <0.0001 SeL (mm) 20.57 c 23.94 a 20.34 c 20.41 c 23.17 a 20.09 c 20.70 c 23.69 a 23.56 a 20.53 c 21.41 b 20.64 c 20.62 c 23.54 a 23.32 a 23.63 a 18.35 d 20.41 c 4.70 75.80 <0.0001 SeW (mm) 12.32 b 13.30 a 12.46 b 12.35 b 13.33 a 11.05 d 12.6 b 13.30 a 13.30 a 12.53 b 11.86 c 12.43 b 12.43 b 13.35 a 13.29 a 13.40 a 10.99 d 12.45 b 4.07 68.65 <0.0001 SeT (mm) 8.98 c 9.97 a 8.74 c 9.12 c 9.67 b 9.04 c 8.79 c 10.13 a 10.05 a 9.15 c 9.08 c 8.97 c 8.93 c 10.08 a 10.09 a 10.29 a 6.74 d 8.96 c 6.23 50.91 <0.0001 SepL (mm) 7.23 c 8.00 a 7.95 a 7.66 b 6.32 e 7.19 c 7.20 c 7.25 c 7.10 c 7.19 c 7.04 c 7.25 c 6.88 d 7.02 c 7.03 c 6.83 d 7.84 a 6.85 d 7.40 16.06 <0.0001 SepW (mm) 2.17 b 2.73 a 2.23 b 2.21 b 2.03 c 2.27 b 2.07 c 2.29 b 2.09 c 2.07 c 1.94 d 2.02 c 2.06 c 1.98 d 2.04 c 2.06 c 2.25 b 1.98 d 8.69 24.26 <0.0001 PeL (mm) 4.24 e 6.01 a 4.15 f 4.11 f 5.05 c 4.69 d 4.20 e 5.37 b 5.34 b 4.20 e 4.33 e 4.12 f 4.10 f 5.09 c 5.04 c 4.08 f 3.38 g 4.16 f 5.33 177.84 <0.0001 PeW (mm) 1.79 f 2.69 a 1.70 g 1.75 f 2.00 e 2.07 d 1.79 f 2.26 c 2.06 d 1.67 g 1.97 e 1.70 g 1.72 g 2.45 b 1.93 e 1.78 f 1.66 g 1.72 g 7.95 86.33 <0.0001 StL (mm) 5.18 d 5.78 b 5.07 e 5.29 d 5.20 d 5.01 e 5.16 d 5.49 c 5.54 c 5.22 d 4.39 f 5.18 d 5.25 d 5.00 e 5.00 e 5.11 e 5.99 a 5.23 d 5.69 37.92 <0.0001 OvL (mm) 1.72 c 1.91 a 1.68 c 1.71 c 1.78 b 1.82 b 1.76 c 1.80 b 1.75 c 1.69 c 1.41 e 1.73 c 1.75 c 1.29 f 1.54 d 1.72 c 1.57 d 1.70 c 7.57 40.05 <0.0001 OvW (mm) 1.29 a 1.03 d 1.27 b 1.25 b 0.89 f 1.30 a 1.33 a 0.97 e 1.03 d 1.30 a 0.98 e 1.27 b 1.29 a 1.02 d 1.00 d 1.24 b 1.11 c 1.33 a 9.15 55.53 <0.0001 StyL (mm) 2.23 c 2.73 a 2.25 c 2.22 c 2.20 d 2.26 c 2.24 c 2.67 a 2.52 b 2.29 c 2.15 d 2.23 c 2.27 c 2.31 c 2.65 a 2.24 c 1.90 e 2.26 c 6.17 54.36 <0.0001 Ov/o (n) 39.19 c 32.08 e 38.13 c 38.31 c 29.78 f 42.68 a 37.70 c 30.02 f 33.22 e 39.40 c 41.01 b 37.7 c 37.96 c 27.06 h 28.54 g 29.44 f 35.32 d 37.05 c 7.06 112.25 <0.0001 * AMZ = Amazonas, AYP = Aypena, CHA = Chambira, MDD = Madre de Dios, MAR = Marañón, MOR = Morona, NAP = Napo, NUC = Nucuray, PAS = Pastaza, PUT = Putumayo, SAN = Santiago, TIG = Tigre, UCA = Ucayali, UGU = Ungumayo, UNG = Ungurahui, URI = Urituyacu, YAV = Yavarí. Means with identical letters in rows are not significantly different. ** Leaf traits: Leaf length (LL), Leaf width (LW), Length from base to the widest point of a leaf (LBL), Petiole length (PL). Fruit traits: Fruit weight (FW), Fruit length (FL), Fruit diameter (FD), Fruit length-to-diameter ratio (FL/FD), Furrow depth (FwD), Husk thickness (HusT), Pod index (PI). Seed traits: Seed fresh weight (SFW), Seed dry weight (SDW), Seed number per fruit (SeN), Seed index (SI), Seed length (SeL), Seed width (SeW), Seed thickness (SeT). Floral traits: Sepal length (SepL), Sepal width (SepW), Petal length (PeL), Petal width (PeW), Staminate length (StL), Ovary length (OvL), Ovary width (OvW), Style length (StyL), Ovules per ovary (Ov/o). Table 4.
Means for 27 leaf, fruit, seed, and flower descriptors of 511 accessions of wild cacao by river basin in peruvian amazonia. CV = coefficient of variability; F and p-value determined from analysis of variance.
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Traits* Minimum value Maximum value LL (cm) AYP 10 = 23.54 UGU 114 = 34.4 LW (cm) UNG 64 = 6.88 AYP 22 = 13.36 LBL (cm) SAN 199 = 11.52 AYP 2 = 20.52 PL (cm) AMZ 452 = 1.26 AYP 7 = 4.94 FW (g) URI 165 = 348.34 TIG 307 = 763.27 SFW (g) NAP 328 = 62.54 ARR 400 = 166.13 SDW (g) NAP 328 = 24.37 ARR 400 = 63.2 FL (cm) SAN 235 = 15.04 MOR 212 = 22.36 FD (cm) MOR 220 = 6.72 PUT 476 = 14.25 FL/FD CHA 295 = 1.24 MOR 212 = 2.9 FwD (mm) ABI 418 = 5.5 MOR 216 = 16.93 HusT (mm) CHUN 5 = 10.13 UNG 50 = 21.3 SeN (n) CHA 291 = 21.2 ARR 400 = 46.8 SI (g) CHUN 12 = 0.8 AMZ 446 = 1.64 PI (n) ARR 400 = 16.4 YAV 459 = 43.6 SeL (mm) CHUN 15 = 16.99 UNG 55 = 26.54 SeW (mm) MOR 204 = 10.2 PAS 96 = 15.45 SeT (mm) CHUN 6 = 5.99 URI 178 = 12.02 SepL (mm) YAV 437 = 4.88 CHUN 9 = 9.5 SepW (mm) PUT 460A, YAV 437 = 1.44 AYP 8 = 2.97 PeL (mm) CHUN 16 = 3 AYP 1 = 6.44 PeW (mm) TAM 415 = 1.24 AYP 9, AYP 19 = 2.8 StL (mm) SAN 233 = 3.76 CHUN 4 = 7.04 OvL (mm) SAN 259 = 1.16 MOR 226 = 2.28 OvW (mm) CHUN 11 = 0.72 UTQ 423, YAV 475 = 1.6 StyL (mm) CHUN 8 = 1.3 UNG 63 = 2.98 Ov/o (n) UGU 129 = 22.4 MOR 248 = 47.4 * Leaf traits: Leaf length (LL), Leaf width (LW), Length from base to the widest point of a leaf (LBL), Petiole length (PL). Fruit traits: Fruit weight (FW), Fruit length (FL), Fruit diameter (FD), Fruit length-to-diameter ratio (FL/FD), Furrow depth (FwD), Husk thickness (HusT), Pod index (PI). Seed traits: Seed fresh weight (SFW), Seed dry weight (SDW), Seed number per fruit (SeN), Seed index (SI), Seed length (SeL), Seed width (SeW), Seed thickness (SeT). Floral traits: Sepal length (SepL), Sepal width (SepW), Petal length (PeL), Petal width (PeW), Staminate length (StL), Ovary length (OvL), Ovary width (OvW), Style length (StyL), Ovules per ovary (Ov/o). Table 5.
Cacao accessions with minimum and maximum values for 27 leaf, fruit, seed, and flower descriptors.
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River basin Phenotypic groups Total accessions by
river basinGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Amazonas 17 (9.1%) 17 Aypena 22 (11.6%) 22 Chambira 20 (10.7%) 20 Madre de Dios 53 (28.3%) 1 (3.8%) 1 (1.2%) 55 Marañón 22 (11.6%) 22 Morona 50 (58.1%) 50 Napo 22 (11.8%) 22 Nucuray 25 (13.2%) 25 Pastaza 24 (12.6%) 24 Putumayo 18 (9.6%) 18 Santiago 1 (0.5%) 3 (11.5%) 34 (39.5%) 38 Tigre 22 (11.8%) 22 Ucayali 34 (18.2%) 34 Ungumayo 26 (13.7%) 26 Ungurahui 38 (20.0%) 38 Urituyacu 33 (17.4%) 33 Urubamba 22 (100%) 22 Yavari 22 (84.6%) 1 (1.2%) 23 Total group 187 26 190 22 86 511 Table 6.
Conformation of five phenotypic groups for 511 wild cacao accessions based on river basin of origin.
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Traits* Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 CV % F p-value LL (cm) 28.94 ± 0.13 28.39 ± 0.36 28.65 ± 0.13 28.77 ± 0.39 28.85 ± 0.2 6.39 0.95 0.4329 LW (cm) 9.86 ± 0.07 a 10.27 ± 0.2 a 9.99 ± 0.07 a 9.49 ± 0.21 b 9.76 ± 0.11 a 10.09 2.66 0.0318 LBL (cm) 14.46 ± 0.09 b 14.58 ± 0.24 b 14.98 ± 0.09 a 14.18 ± 0.26 b 14.47 ± 0.13 b 8.27 5.91 0.0001 PL (cm) 1.78 ± 0.02 1.80 ± 0.05 1.86 ± 0.02 1.75 ± 0.06 1.79 ± 0.03 15.13 2.07 0.0830 FW (g) 567.72 ± 5.78 575.01 ± 15.5 567.70 ± 5.73 558.57 ± 16.85 571.03 ± 8.52 13.91 0.16 0.9579 SFW (g) 108.10 ± 1.06 a 104 ± 2.85 a 95.80 ± 1.05 b 95.51 ± 3.10 b 95.80 ± 1.57 b 14.42 21.03 < 0.0001 SDW (g) 39.43 ± 0.38 a 37.79 ± 1.01 a 34.99 ± 0.37 b 34.80 ± 1.10 b 35.01 ± 0.56 b 14.06 21.55 < 0.0001 FL (cm) 18.90 ± 0.08 a 19.06 ± 0.21 a 18.94 ± 0.08 a 19.18 ± 0.22 a 17.95 ± 0.11 b 5.61 16.43 < 0.0001 FD (cm) 12.01 ± 0.05 a 8.92 ± 0.15 b 12.07 ± 0.05 a 11.66 ± 0.16 a 9.06 ± 0.08 b 6.60 348.70 < 0.0001 FL/FD 1.61 ± 0.01 c 2.14 ± 0.03 a 1.60 ± 0.01 c 1.68 ± 0.04 c 2.05 ± 0.02 b 9.63 176.65 < 0.0001 FwD (mm) 7.50 ± 0.08 c 7.45 ± 0.22 c 8.05 ± 0.08 b 6.62 ± 0.24 d 11.28 ± 0.12 a 13.43 196.41 < 0.0001 HusT (mm) 13.63 ± 0.11 b 13.50 ± 0.29 b 17.37 ± 0.11 a 11.38 ± 0.31 c 17.03 ± 0.16 a 9.50 230.96 < 0.0001 SeN (n) 33.17 ± 0.26 b 32.50 ± 0.69 b 32.74 ± 0.25 b 36.67 ± 0.75 a 32.96 ± 0.38 b 10.60 6.45 < 0.0001 SI (g) 1.20 ± 0.01 a 1.20 ± 0.03 a 1.08 ± 0.01 b 0.95 ± 0.03 c 1.07 ± 0.01 b 11.48 37.4 < 0.0001 PI (n) 27.86 ± 0.29 c 28.74 ± 0.77 c 30.65 ± 0.28 b 34.61 ± 0.84 a 30.45 ± 0.42 b 13.23 22.78 < 0.0001 SeL (mm) 20.53 ± 0.08 b 20.36 ± 0.21 b 23.54 ± 0.08 a 18.35 ± 0.22 c 20.67 ± 0.11 b 4.85 290.59 < 0.0001 SeW (mm) 12.43 ± 0.04 b 12.39 ± 0.1 b 13.33 ± 0.04 a 10.99 ± 0.11 d 11.39 ± 0.06 c 4.26 251.82 < 0.0001 SeT (mm) 8.97 ± 0.04 b 8.95 ± 0.12 b 10.06 ± 0.04 a 6.74 ± 0.13 c 9.08 ± 0.06 b 6.31 204.54 < 0.0001 SepL (mm) 7.36 ± 0.05 b 6.85 ± 0.12 c 7.06 ± 0.05 c 7.84 ± 0.13 a 7.14 ± 0.07 c 8.65 13.60 < 0.0001 SepW (mm) 2.13 ± 0.02 a 2.00 ± 0.05 b 2.15 ± 0.02 a 2.25 ± 0.05 a 2.13 ± 0.03 a 11.48 3.41 0.0092 PeL (mm) 4.14 ± 0.03 c 4.20 ± 0.08 c 5.07 ± 0.03 a 3.38 ± 0.09 d 4.53 ± 0.05 b 9.24 165.64 < 0.0001 PeW (mm) 1.74 ± 0.02 c 1.74 ± 0.05 c 2.13 ± 0.02 a 1.66 ± 0.05 c 2.02 ± 0.03 b 12.29 78.65 < 0.0001 StL (mm) 5.21 ± 0.03 b 5.08 ± 0.07 b 5.26 ± 0.03 b 5.99 ± 0.08 a 4.79 ± 0.04 c 7.15 53.71 < 0.0001 OvL (mm) 1.72 ± 0.01 a 1.66 ± 0.04 b 1.67 ± 0.01 b 1.57 ± 0.04 b 1.66 ± 0.02 b 11.33 4.55 0.0013 OvW (mm) 1.28 ± 0.01 a 1.27 ± 0.03 a 1.04 ± 0.01 d 1.11 ± 0.03 c 1.17 ± 0.02 b 12.26 73.40 < 0.0001 StyL (mm) 2.25 ± 0.01 b 2.26 ± 0.04 b 2.48 ± 0.01 a 1.90 ± 0.04 c 2.21 ± 0.02 b 8.23 72.96 < 0.0001 Ov/o (n) 38.23 ± 0.20 b 37.61 ± 0.54 b 29.83 ± 0.20 d 35.32 ± 0.59 c 42.01 ± 0.30 a 7.80 364.99 < 0.0001 * Leaf traits: Leaf length (LL), Leaf width (LW), Length from base to the widest point of a leaf (LBL), Petiole length (PL). Fruit traits: Fruit weight (FW), Fruit length (FL), Fruit diameter (FD), Fruit length-to-diameter ratio (FL/FD), Furrow depth (FwD), Husk thickness (HusT), Pod index (PI). Seed traits: Seed fresh weight (SFW), Seed dry weight (SDW), Seed number per fruit (SeN), Seed index (SI), Seed length (SeL), Seed width (SeW), Seed thickness (SeT). Floral traits: Sepal length (SepL), Sepal width (SepW), Petal length (PeL), Petal width (PeW), Staminate length (StL), Ovary length (OvL), Ovary width (OvW), Style length (StyL), Ovules per ovary (Ov/o). Means with the same letter in a row are not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Table 7.
Mean values ± standard error and statistical significance for 27 leaf, fruit, seed, and flower descriptors for five cacao phenotypic groups from Peruvian Amazonia.
Figures
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Tables
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