Figures (5)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      The regional contributions of the global insect repellent market in 2023.

    • Figure 2. 

      Sources of DEET in the water environment.

    • Figure 3. 

      Overview of DEET (a) reported globally, and (b) maximum concentrations of DEET in different counties.

    • Figure 4. 

      The risks of DEET on human health and the environment.

    • Figure 5. 

      The concentration and RQ of DEET in water environments.

    • Rank class (x) RQ range Weight index (Wx)
      1 > 1 1
      2 0.1–1 0.5
      3 0.01–0.1 0.25
      4 < 0.01 0

      Table 1. 

      Definition of the four rank classes, their corresponding RQ ranges, and assigned weighting indexes

    • Name Type Mechanism Intermediate product Ref.
      Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245 Fungus Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase N-deethylation (DEET → N-ethyl-m-toluidine); N-oxidation (DEET and N-ethyl-m-toluidine are oxidized to their respective nitrogen oxides) [165]
      Mucor ramannianus
      R-56      		 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase N-deethylation (DEET → N-ethyl-m-toluidine);
      Partial N-oxidation (only DEET oxidized to N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine-N-oxide)
      Pseudomonas putida
      DTB      		 Bacterium DEET hydrolase
      (encoded by the gene dthA)      		 Catalyzing the hydrolysis of the amide bond in DEET into
      3-methylbenzoate and diethylamine.      		 [166,167]

      Table 2. 

      Microbial resources for DEET degradation