The effect of green tea and <i>Moringa oleifera</i> tea brewing on lipid profiles in overweight and obese subject: a clinical trial

Tea	Catechin % (w/w)*	EGCG % (w/w)*	Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g)**
F1 (4 g green tea)	0.242	2.387	1.66
F2 (4 g M. oleifera tea)	0.081	0.424	0.35
F3 (2.8 g green tea, 1.2 g M. oleifera)	0.245	0.160	1.10
F4 (1.2 g green tea, 2.8 g M. oleifera)	0.227	0.088	0.67
F5 (2g green tea, 2g M. oleifera)	0.282	0.078	0.94
% catechin and EGCG were expressed as % (w/w) of dry weight. *mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) per g (dry weight).

Table 1.

Catechin, EGCG and total phenolic of difference tea brewing.

Tea	Antioxidant capacity (mg AEAC/g)**	DPPH radical scavenging activity (% inhibition)
F1 (4 g green tea)	15.75 ± 0.89^a	58.54 ± 1.16^a
F2 (4 g M. oleifera tea)	15.50 ± 0.89^a	58.90 ± 1.10^a
F3 (2.8 g green tea, 1.2 g M. oleifera)	18.70 ± 0.45^b	63.27 ± 0.43^b
F4 (1.2 g green tea, 2.8 g M. oleifera)	22.98 ± 2.58^c	68.00 ± 3.39^c
F5 (2g green tea, 2 g M. oleifera)	18.07 ± 1.53^ab	62.28 ± 1.09^b
p-value	0.001	0.000
**mg of Antioxidant Equivalent Activity Concentration (AEAC) per g dry weight. Values with different letters in the same column were significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic tea (mg AEAC/g) of GT, MT and CTB.

Hedonic test	Formula			p-value
Hedonic test	F3	F4	F5	p-value
Color	7.35 ± 1.60^b	4.44 ± 2.53^a	7.36 ± 1.29^b	0.000*
Aroma	6.49 ± 1.68^b	5.47 ± 1.92^a	6.53 ± 1.48^b	0.028*
Taste	4.11 ± 2.66^a	4.99 ± 2.36^a	5.14 ± 2.14^a	0.207
Overall	5.71 ± 2.07^a	5.43 ± 2.08^a	5.96 ± 1.48^a	0.569
Different superscript letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences p < 0.05. * significant at p < 0.05

Table 3.

Hedonic score values of CTB with various concentrations.

	Variable/parameter	Control (n = 9)	GT (n = 9)	MT (n = 9)	CTB (n = 9)	p-value
Sex	Males	2	2	2	3	0.931
Sex	Females	7	7	7	6	0.931
Age (years)	19−29	7	8	9	7	0.623
Age (years)	30−45	2	1	0	2	0.623
Anthropometric (kg/m²)	Overweight (23−22.9)	2	3	0	0	0.370
	Obese I (25−29.9)	5	2	7	6
	Obese II (≥ 30)	2	4	2	3
TC (mg/dL)	Mean ± SD	184.7 ± 25.5^a	200.4 ± 28.6^a	203.1 ± 19.6^a	188.0 ± 27.0^a	0.350
TG (mg/dL)	Mean ± SD	110.8 ± 19.8^a	90.3 ± 31.8^a	106.5 ± 31.9^a	87.6 ± 13.2^a	0.158
LDL-C (mg/dL)	Mean ± SD	117.6 ± 22.3^a	134.6 ± 22.3^a	123.3 ± 36.3^a	116.7 ± 38.8^a	0.596
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Mean ± SD	44.7 ± 7.5^a	47.6 ± 14.6^a	56.7 ± 18.3^a	46.0 ± 5.6^a	0.194
TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Different superscript letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences p < 0.05.

Table 4.

Baseline anthropometric and lipid profile characteristics of overweight and obese subjects in the four groups.

Lipid Profile	Control (n = 9)	GT (n = 9)	MT (n = 9)	CTB (n = 9)	p-value
TC (mg/dL)	4.3 ± 17.5^a	−11.6 ± 25.9^a	−11.8 ± 22.1^a	5.8 ± 22.4^a	0.178
TG (mg/dL)	−8.4 ± 24.3^a	2.4 ±11.7^a	4.3 ± 35.5^a	−3.3 ± 27.8^a	0.728
LDL-C (mg/dL)	3.0 ± 15.5^a	−16.4 ± 18.62^a	−3.5 ± 33.8^a	14.5 ± 36.83^a	0.141
HDL-C (mg/dL)	3.2 ± 9.9^a	4.2 ± 13.2^a	−7.7 ± 20.7^a	−0.2 ± 6.59^a	0.255
The differences in lipid profile levels before and after the intervention were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.05. TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 5.

Changes in lipid profiles of overweight and obese subjects after four weeks of green tea and M. oleifera tea brewing intervention.

Mean ± SD (min-max)	Week 0	Week 3	p-value
Energy (%)	69.63 ± 23.23 (39.64–132.28)	69.42 ± 25.61 (24,91−135,91)	0.561
Protein (%)	83.03 ± 31.16 (37.58–155.06)	78.67 ± 29.02 (38,10−159,15)	0.753
Fat (%)	80.76 ± 33.70 (28.56–182.43)	116.01 ± 43.05 (50,81−244,85)	0.000*
Carbohydrate (%)	68.75 ± 34.25 (19.82−178.75)	60.87 ± 24.90 (18,19–121,57)	0.069
PAL**	1.54 ± 0.16 (1.34–2.00)	1.55 ± 0.19 (1.24−2.42)	0.749
The interventions were analyzed using the WILCOXON test with a significance level of p < 0.05. * Sinificant at p < 0.05. ** PAL: Physical Activity Level.

Table 6.

Subjects' nutrient adequacy percentages based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).