Figures (18)  Tables (9)

    • Figure 1. 

      Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of Trichaptum s.l. was constructed based on five sequences (ITS, nLSU, TEF1, mt-SSU, and nuc-SSU), using Coltricia dependens and C. perennis as outgroups. ML bootstrap values (≥ 50%) and Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities (≥ 0.9) are shown along the branches for each clade. The six new species, Nigrohirschioporus keylargoensis, N. wuyiensis, Perennihirschioporus caymanensis, Podocarpioporus hydnoides, Trichaptum cystidiolatum, and T. longisporum, are highlighted in bold. A scale bar in the upper left represents substitutions per site. Black stars (★) represent type genera, and black triangles (▲) represent type sequences.

    • Figure 2. 

      The estimated divergence times for the Trichaptum s.l. are shown, derived from molecular clock analyses using three sequences (ITS, nLSU, and TEF1). Mean divergence times (Mya) and posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.8 are annotated at the internodes, with horizontal blue bars representing the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals for divergence time estimates.

    • Figure 3. 

      Basidiomata of Nigrohirschioporus keylargoensis JV0904/66-J. Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 4. 

      Microscopic structures of Nigrohirschioporus keylargoensis (drawn from the holotype, JV0904/66-J). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia. (c) Basidioles. (d) Cystidia. (e) Hyphae from context. (f) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 5. 

      Basidiomata of Nigrohirschioporus wuyiensis Dai 24990 (holotype). Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 6. 

      Microscopic structures of Nigrohirschioporus wuyiensis (drawn from the holotype, Dai 24990). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia and basidioles. (c) Cystidia. (d) Hyphal peg. (e) Hyphae from context. (f) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 7. 

      Basidiomata of Perennihirschioporus caymanensis JV 2208/7-J (holotype). Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 8. 

      Microscopic structures of Perennihirschioporus caymanensis (drawn from the holotype, JV 2208/7-J). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia and basidioles. (c) Cystidia. (d) Hyphae from context. (e) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 9. 

      Basidiomata of Trichaptum cystidiolatum JV 2203/78 (holotype). Note: JV 2203/78 is the whitish, eff-reflexed, large-pores Poria growing around the central, brown and massive fruitbody of P. agricola. Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 10. 

      Microscopic structures of Trichaptum cystidiolatum (drawn from the holotype, JV 2203/78). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia and basidioles. (c) Cystidia and cystidioles. (d) Hyphae from context. (e) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 11. 

      Basidiomata of Trichaptum longisporum JV 2311/13-J (holotype). Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 12. 

      Microscopic structures of Trichaptum longisporum (drawn from the holotype, JV 2311/13-J). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia and basidioles. (c) Cystidia. (d) Hyphae at dissepiment edge. (e) Hyphae from context. (f) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 13. 

      Basidiomata of Podocarpioporus hydnoides Dai 26968. Scale bars: (a) = 1 cm, (b) and (c) = 1 mm.

    • Figure 14. 

      Microscopic structures of Podocarpioporus hydnoides (Dai 26968). (a) Basidiospores. (b) Basidia and basidioles. (c), (d) Cystidia. (e) Hyphae from context. (f) Hyphae from trama.

    • Figure 15. 

      The origin of geographical distribution of the Trichaptum s.l., A. Central and South America, B. North America, C. Europe, D. Central and East Asia, E. South to Southeast Asia and Oceania, and F. Africa. The phylogenetic tree was generated with Bayesian Inference algorithms using BEAST, while the trait of the pie chart at each node was evaluated using RASP under the Bayesian Binary MCMC model. The trait represented by each color and letter in the pie chart is indicated in the upper left with the supported values.

    • Figure 16. 

      The origin of climate distribution of the Trichaptum s.l., A. Temperate zones, B. Subtropical zones, C. Tropical zones, and D. Mountain zones. The phylogenetic tree was generated with Bayesian Inference algorithms using BEAST, while the trait of the pie chart at each node was evaluated using RASP under the Bayesian Binary MCMC model. The trait represented by each color and letter in the pie chart is indicated in the upper left with the supported values.

    • Figure 17. 

      The configuration evolution of basidiomata of Trichaptum s.l., (a) consistency and (b) surface of pileus. The phylogenetic tree was generated with Bayesian Inference algorithms using BEAST, while the trait of the pie chart at each node was evaluated using RASP under the Bayesian Binary MCMC model. The trait represented by each color and letter in the pie chart is indicated in the upper left with the supported values. Four types of consistency, A. Soft corky to brittle when dry, B. Coriaceous, C. Hard corky, and D. Woody hard. Five types of surfaces of pileate, A. Tomentose, B. Smooth, C. Warted, D. Hispid, and E. Apileate.

    • Figure 18. 

      Global distribution map of Trichaptum s.l. genera based on spatially thinned and verified GBIF occurrence records. (a) Hirschioporus, (b) Pallidohirschioporus, (c) Perennihirschioporus, (d) Nigrohirschioporus, (e) Trichaptum, (f) Pseudotrichaptum, and (g) Podocarpioporus. Source: World Map (1:10,000,000), the Natural Earth website, www.naturalearthdata.com.

    • SequencePrimersPrimers sequence (5'–3')Ref.
      ITSITS4TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC[64]
      ITS5GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G
      nLSULR0RACC CGC TGA ACT TAA GC[65]
      LR7TAC TAC CAC CAA GAT CT
      mt-SSUMS1CAG CAG TCA AGA ATA TTA GTC AAT G[64]
      MS2GCG GAT TAT CGA ATT AAA TAA C
      TEF1983FGCY CCY GGH CAY CGT GAY TTY AT[66]
      1567RACH GTR CCR ATA CCA CCR ATC TT
      nuc-SSUNS1GTA GTC ATA TGC TTG TCT C[64]
      NS4CTT CCG TCA ATT CCT TTA AG

      Table 1. 

      Primer information for five gene fragments in this study.

    • Family Species Voucher Locality GenBank A accession no. Ref.
      ITS nLSU mt-SSU TEF1 nuc-SSU
      Coltriciaceae Coltricia perennis Cui 10319 China KU360687 KU360653 — KY693935 — [104]
      Coltriciaceae Coltricia dependens Dai 10944 China KY693737 KY693757 — — — Genbank
      Neoantrodiellaceae Neoantrodiella gypsea Cui 10372 China KT203290 MT319396 MT326567 — — [105]
      Neoantrodiellaceae Neoantrodiella gypsea Yuan 5589 China KT203292 KT203313 — — — Genbank
      Neoantrodiellaceae Neoantrodiella thujae Dai 5065 China KT203293 MT319397 MT326568 — — [105]
      Nigrofomitaceae Nigrofomes melanoporus JV 1704/39 Costa Rica MF629835 MF629831 — — — [106]
      Nigrofomitaceae Nigrofomes melanoporus JV 1607/82 Costa Rica MF381027 — — — — [36]
      Nigrofomitaceae Nigrofomes sinomelanoporus Cui 5277 China MF629836 MT319398 — — — [105−106]
      Nigrofomitaceae Nigrofomes sinomelanoporus Dai 16286 China MF629839 — — — — [106]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus Cui 2667 China OQ449096 OQ449033 — OQ831431 OQ449408 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus CBS 221.53 France MH857167 MH868703 — — — [107]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus Dai 1 Finland OQ449044 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus Dai 12337 China OL504712 OL477386 OQ517075 OQ831434 OQ449409 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus Dai 23792 China OQ449043 OQ449038 OQ517079 — OQ448998 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus KUC20130719-05 Korea KJ668437 KJ668289 — — — [108]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus FSU 2734 Germany EU484271 — — — — [109]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus abietinus JV 0907/9 Czechia MF381023 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus abietinus" BFOTU23 Finland AM901859 — — — — [110]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus abietinus" Cui 9627 China OQ449046 OQ449184 OQ517080 — OQ448999 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus abietinus" Dai 18909 China OQ449048 OQ449185 OQ449111 OQ831436 OQ449001 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus abietinus" Dai 23763 China OQ449131 OQ449195 OQ449116 — OQ449006 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus acontextus Cui 11830 China OQ449138 OQ449198 OQ449120 — OQ449010 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus acontextus Dai 19097 China OQ449140 OQ449199 OQ449122 — OQ449012 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus acontextus Dai 23793 China OQ449141 OQ449200 OQ449123 OQ831439 OQ449013 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus acontextus KUC20131001-03 Korea KJ668436 KJ668288 — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus beijingensis Dai 18907 China OQ449142 OQ449201 OQ449124 OQ831440 OQ449014 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus beijingensis Dai 23704 China OQ449143 OQ449202 OQ449125 OQ831441 OQ449015 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Cui 2488 China OQ449146 — OQ449126 OQ831442 OQ449016 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Dai 19110 China OQ449098 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Dai 19111 China OQ449099 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Dai 20264 China OQ449101 OQ449204 OQ449127 OQ831443 OQ449017 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Dai 21116 China OQ437348 OQ438001 OQ448978 OQ831444 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus chinensis Dai 23048 China OQ437349 OQ438002 OQ448979 OQ831445 OQ438032 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus floridanus Dolliner 640 USA OQ437354 — — — OQ438036 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus floridanus Dolliner 642 USA OQ437355 OQ438004 — — OQ438037 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus floridanus MC1 Korea MW795372 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus Dai 20988 Belarus OQ437357 OQ438006 OQ448983 OQ831449 OQ438039 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus Dai 21021 Belarus OQ437360 OQ438009 OQ448986 OQ831451 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus JV 1610/32 Czechia MF381026 — — — — [36,39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus" Cui 11870 China OQ437362 OQ438011 OQ448988 — OQ438042 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus" Dai 10576 China OQ437365 — — OQ831453 OQ438043 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus" Dai 22771 China OQ437368 OQ438013 — — OQ438044 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae "Hirschioporus fuscoviolaceus" V. Haikonen 25849 Finland MF319119 MF318985 — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus montanus Cui 17067 China OL470322 OL462836 OQ448990 OQ857930 OQ438048 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus montanus Dai 4204 China OQ437376 OQ438018 OQ448996 OQ857936 OQ449151 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus montanus Dai 22979 China OQ437372 OQ438015 OQ448991 OQ857931 OQ438049 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus montanus Dai 23143 China OQ437374 OQ438016 OQ448993 OQ857933 OQ438051 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens Dai 17064 China OQ437377 OQ438019 OQ448997 OQ857937 OQ449152 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens Dai 23710 China OQ512026 OQ449059 OQ449169 OQ857938 OQ449153 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens KA17-0228 Korea MN294864 — — — — [111]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens SFC95081517 Korea AF266680 — — — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens SFC96060811 Korea AF267644 — — — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus pubescens SFC96102811 Korea AF267645 — — — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp1 CCFC008387 Korea AF266677 — — — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp1 CBS 374.68 Canada AF266676 MH870875 AF408707 — — [107,112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp1 UBCF20347 Canada KC581332 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp1 UBCF28393 Canada KP454016 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp2 CCFC01056 Canada AF267647 — — — — [107,112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus sp2 CBS 375.68 Canada AF267648 MH870876 AF408716 — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus tianschanicus Dai 15944 China OQ437383 OQ449063 OQ449173 OQ857943 OQ449158 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus tianschanicus Dai 19067 China OQ448960 OQ449067 OQ449177 OQ857947 OQ449162 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus tianschanicus Dai 19086 China OQ448963 OQ449070 OQ449179 OQ857949 OQ449164 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Hirschioporus tianschanicus KA16-1050 Kyrgyzstan MK351689 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus bulbocystidiatus Ryvarden 42922 Costa Rica OQ448964 — — — — [39]
      Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus confertus JV 1407/75 Costa Rica MF380988 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus confertus JV 1504/101 Costa Rica MF380992 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus confertus JV 1504/32 Costa Rica MF380991 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus deviatus Ryvarden 46959 Venezuela OQ476081 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus Cui 11327 China OQ448965 OQ449071 OQ449180 OQ874781 OQ449165 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus Dai 12305 China OQ448969 OQ449073 — OQ857951 OQ449167 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus Dai 18419 Vietnam OQ448970 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus Dai 19497 Sri Lanka OQ448971 OQ449074 OQ449181 OQ857952 OQ449168 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus Dai 19640 Sri Lanka OQ476082 OQ504233 OQ512031 OQ857953 OQ512030 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus durus M1569 Japan LC327032 [113]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus fissile TKC 145 Brazil MK973088 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus fissile TKC 99 Brazil MK973089 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus griseofuscus B3942 Brazil OQ448975 OQ438022 — OQ857957 OQ449106 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus griseofuscus JV 1808/103 French Guiana OQ448976 OQ438023 OQ449182 — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus griseofuscus JV 1909/6 French Guiana OQ437343 OQ438024 — OQ857958 OQ449107 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sector AS 2707 Brazil OQ437344 OQ438025 OQ449183 OQ857959 OQ449108 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sector Dolliner 897 USA OQ437346 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sector JV 1408/8-J Costa Rica OQ437347 OQ438027 — OQ857961 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sector JV 1808/108 French Guiana OQ453304 OQ453531 OQ453509 — OQ453485 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus keylargoensis JV 0904/66-J USA MF381009 PX747684 — PX766002 PX747671 [36] and present study
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus keylargoensis JV 2103/2-J USA PX741913 PX747685 — PX766003 PX747672 Present study
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sp1 CF00108 Thailand OQ076496 — — — — [114]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sp1 NLB1300 Australia ON715817 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus sp1 NLB1301 Australia ON715818 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus submurinus Dai 18392 Vietnam OQ453305 OQ453532 — — OQ453486 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus trimiticus B696 Brazil OQ453308 OQ453535 — — OQ453488 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus trimiticus B3471 Brazil OQ453306 OQ453533 — OQ857962 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus trimiticus B4105 Brazil OQ453307 OQ453534 OQ453510 OQ857963 OQ453487 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus wuyiensis Dai 24990 China PX741910 PX747682 PX747725 PX766000 PX747669 Present study
      Hirschioporaceae Nigrohirschioporus wuyiensis Dai 24991 China PX741911 PX747683 PX747726 PX766001 PX747670 Present study
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis Cui 7213 Japan OQ453310 OQ453537 — — OQ453490 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis CZ 411 China FJ755247 — — — — Genbank
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis Dai 12746 USA OQ453311 OQ453538 OQ453512 OQ874735 OQ453491 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis Dai 16076 China OQ453316 OQ453542 OQ453517 OQ874740 OQ453495 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis Dai 19466 China OQ453223 OQ453548 OQ453523 OQ874743 OQ453501 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis Dai 20920 Belarus OQ453226 OQ453282 OQ453526 OQ874745 OQ453504 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus biformis He 2146 USA OQ453230 OQ453286 OQ453529 OQ874747 OQ453507 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus brastagii Dai 12316 China OQ453235 OQ453289 OQ453268 OQ874749 OQ453246 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus brastagii Dai 18804 Australia OQ453236 OQ453290 OQ453269 — OQ453247 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus brastagii Dai 20459 China OQ453240 OQ453294 OQ453271 — OQ453249 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus brastagii Dai 22919 China OQ453371 OQ453297 OQ453274 OQ874751 OQ453251 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus imbricatus Cui 5384 China OQ453374 — OQ453277 OQ874754 OQ453252 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus polycystidiatus Dai 14686 China OQ453377 OQ453300 OQ453278 OQ874756 OQ453254 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus polycystidiatus Dai 19100 China OQ453378 OQ453301 OQ453279 OQ874757 OQ453255 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus polycystidiatus Dai 19103 China OQ453380 OQ474949 OQ453281 OQ874759 OQ453257 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus subchartaceus CCFC003932 USA AF266679 — AF408714 — — [112]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus subchartaceus JV 0509/146 USA MF381010 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus versicolor Cui 9701 China OQ504334 OQ504324 OQ512029 OQ874760 OQ504328 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus versicolor Cui 16974 China OQ453383 OQ474950 OQ534100 — OQ453259 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus versicolor Dai 19331 China OQ453386 OQ474951 — OQ874762 OQ453261 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus versicolor Dai 19332 China OQ453387 OQ474952 OQ534102 OQ874763 OQ453262 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Pallidohirschioporus versicolor Dai 22867 China OQ453390 OQ474954 OQ534105 OQ874766 OQ453265 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus agricola JV 1407/97 Costa Rica MF380993 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus agricola JV 1504/75-J Costa Rica MF380995 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus daedaleus Cui 18235 Australia OQ474938 — OQ534106 OQ874767 OQ450175 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus daedaleus Dai 21143 Australia OQ474939 — — — — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus fumosoavellaneus JV 1607/79-J Costa Rica MF381021 — — — — [36]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus fumosoavellaneus JV 2203/80 Costa Rica OQ474940 OQ474955 OQ512028 OQ874768 OQ450176 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus fumosoavellaneus JV 2203/85 Costa Rica PX747736 — — — — Present study
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus perennis Dai 19295 China OQ474941 OQ474956 — OQ874779 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus sp1 CBS 455.76 India MH860992 MH872763 — — — [107]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus caymanensis JV 2208/7-J French Guiana PX741914 PX747686 PX747727 PX766004 PX747673 Present study
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus variabilis B856 Brazil OQ474942 OQ474957 — OQ874769 OQ450177 [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus variabilis JV 1707/40-J Mexico OQ504335 OQ504325 OQ883911 OQ874770 — [39]
      Hirschioporaceae Perennihirschioporus variabilis Ryvarden 35177 Venezuela OQ504337 — — — — [39]
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum ANT242-QFB28749 Canada MN992532 — — — — Genbank
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum Dai 19455 China — OQ449019 — — OQ449394 [39]
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum Dai 19457 China OQ449078 OQ449020 OQ517061 — OQ449395 [39]
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum Dai 23782 China OQ449079 OQ449021 OQ517062 — OQ449396 [39]
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum RLG-4665 USA U63471 — — — — [115]
      Pseudotrichaptaceae Pseudotrichaptum laricinum YY 99 China OQ449080 OQ449022 OQ517063 — — [39]
      Podocarpioporaceae Podocarpioporus podocarpi Dai 12015 China OQ449081 — — — OQ449397 [39]
      Podocarpioporaceae Podocarpioporus podocarpi Dai 21986 China OQ449082 OQ449023 OQ517064 OQ785648 OQ449398 [39]
      Podocarpioporaceae Podocarpioporus hydnoides Dai 26968 China PX741918 PX747689 PX747730 PX766006 PX747676 Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum byssogenum Dai 10753 China OQ449083 OQ449024 OQ517065 — OQ449399 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum byssogenum Dai 15555 China OQ449085 OQ449026 OQ517067 OQ874771 OQ449401 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum byssogenum Dai 16758 Thailand OQ449086 OQ449027 OQ517068 OQ874772 OQ449402 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum byssogenum Dai 18850 Australia OQ449087 — OQ517069 OQ874773 — [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum byssogenum E7361 Indonesia AJ536654 — — — — Genbank
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum cystidiolatum JV 1512/18-J Costa Rica MF380996 — — — — [36]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum cystidiolatum JV 2203/77 Costa Rica PX741921 PX747690 PX747732 PX766008 PX747678 Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum cystidiolatum JV 2203/78 Costa Rica PX741922 PX747691 PX747733 PX766009 PX747679 Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum perrottetii JV 1808/101 French Guiana OQ449091 OQ449030 OQ517072 OQ874775 OQ449404 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum perrottetii JV 1908/45 French Guiana OQ449092 OQ449031 — OQ874776 OQ449405 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum perrottetii B2626 Brazil OQ449093 OQ449032 — OQ874777 OQ449406 [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum resacarium JV 1109/56 USA MF381020 — — — — [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum resacarium JV 1109/57 USA MF381018 — — — — [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum strigosum JV 1012/2-J USA MF381011 — OQ517073 OQ874778 — [39]
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum longisporum JV 0809/19-J Costa Rica PX747737 — — — — Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum longisporum JV 2203/104 Costa Rica PX747738 — — — — Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum longisporum JV 2311/13-J Bolivia PX741923 PX747692 PX747734 PX766010 PX747680 Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum longisporum JV 2311/18-J Bolivia PX747739 — — — — Present study
      Trichaptaceae Trichaptum longisporum JV 2311/19-J Bolivia PX741924 PX747693 PX747735 PX766011 PX747681 Present study
      Note: '–' indicates that no sequence was obtained in this study.

      Table 2. 

      Taxa information and GenBank accession numbers used in this study.

    • Description Unit
      Bio1 Annual mean temperature °C
      Bio2 Mean diurnal range (mean of monthly (max tempmin temp)) °C
      Bio3 Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (× 100) C of V
      Bio4 Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) °C
      Bio5 Maximum temperature of warmest month °C
      Bio6 Minimum temperature of coldest month °C
      Bio7 Temperature annual range (Bio5-Bio6) °C
      Bio8 Mean temperature of wettest quarter °C
      Bio9 Mean temperature of driest quarter °C
      Bio10 Mean temperature of warmest quarter °C
      Bio11 Mean temperature of coldest quarter °C
      Bio12 Annual precipitation mm
      Bio13 Precipitation of wettest month mm
      Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm
      Bio15 Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) C of V
      Bio16 Precipitation of wettest quarter mm
      Bio17 Precipitation of driest quarter mm
      Bio18 Precipitation of warmest quarter mm
      Bio19 Precipitation of coldest quarter mm
      Bio20 Elevation m

      Table 3. 

      Environmental variables used to create the species distribution model

    • Family Genus Means of stem age (Mya) 95% HPD (Mya)
      Hirschioporaceae 116 73–119
      Hirschioporus 75 55–97
      Nigrohirschioporus 74 52–97
      Pallidohirschioporus 75 55–97
      Perennihirschioporus 74 52–97
      Pseudotrichaptaceae 71 42–102
      Pseudotrichaptum 71 42–102
      Podocarpioporaceae 109 72–147
      Podocarpioporus 109 72–147
      Trichaptaceae 96 70–125
      Trichaptum 96 70–125

      Table 4. 

      The estimated divergence times of Trichaptum s.l.

    • 1. Cystidia projecting out of the hymenium, apically often with long rectangular yellowish crystals; cystidia length usually more than twice that of basidia; restricted to Podocarpus Podocarpioporaceae
      1. Cystidia usually within the hymenium, apically with hyaline crystals; cystidia similar in length to basidia 2
      2. Hymenophore lamellate, completely without pores; growing on gymnosperm wood Pseudotrichaptaceae
      2. Hymenophore poroid or hydnoid, poroid at least when young or at the margin; growing on angiosperm and gymnosperm wood 3
      3. Upper surface glabrous to adpressed tomentose, mixed with glabrous zones; cystidia mostly fusoid, clavate to capitate Trichaptaceae
      3. Upper surface strongly strigose to hispid; cystidia mostly subulate to ventricose Hirschioporaceae
    • 1. Basidiomata perennial 2
      1. Basidiomata annual 5
      2. Basidiomata resupinate N. deviatus
      2. Basidiomata effused-reflexed to pileate 3
      3. Pores 5–8 per mm N. nigrivineus
      3. Pores > 8 per mm 4
      4. Pore surface pale orange, pores 13–16 per mm N. agglutinatus
      4. Pore surface dark purplish to grayish brown, pores 8–10 per mm N. durus
      5. Basidiomata completely resupinate 6
      5. Basidiomata resupinate to effused-reflexed or pileate 8
      6. Hymenophore poroid to irpicoid, pores 2–4 per mm N. bulbocystidiatus
      6. Hymenophore poroid, pores 4–9 per mm 7
      7. Pores 6–9 per mm; cystidia fusoid with a long neck N. submurinus
      7. Pores 4–6 per mm; cystidia clavate to fusoid N. wuyiensis
      8. Hymenophore hydnoid to irpicoid 9
      8. Hymenophore poroid 11
      9. Hyphal system dimitic N. griseofuscus
      9. Hyphal system trimitic 10
      10. Spores broadly ellipsoid, 4–4.8 × 3–3.5 µm N. molestus
      10. Spores cylindric, slightly curved, 5.1–7 × 2–3 µm N. keylargoensis
      11. Hyphal system trimitic 12
      11. Hyphal system dimitic 13
      12. Spores ellipsoid, 4–4.5 × 1.8–2.2 μm N. confertus
      12. Spores cylindric to slightly allantoid, 5–6 × 2.4–2.7 μm N. trimiticus
      13. Basidiospores cylindrical, 6.4–10 × 2.3–3.2 µm N. fissilis
      13. Basidiospores narrowly ellipsoid, 5–6.4 × 2.2–2.5 µm N. sector
    • 1. Hymenophore irpicoid, daedaleoid to lamellate 2
      1. Hymenophore poroid 4
      2. Basidiomata effused-reflexed to pileate or resupinate P. variabilis
      2. Basidiomata pileate 3
      3. Basidiomata applanate, hymenophore daedaleoid to lamellate P. caymanensis
      3. Basidiomata triquetrous, hymenophore daedaleoid to hydnoid P. daedaleus
      4. Basidiomata effused-reflexed to pileate, pore surface vinaceous brown to umber; hyphal system dimitic P. perennis
      4. Basidiomata completely pileate, pore surface pale brown to avellaneus; hyphal system trimitic 5
      5. Pores 1–3 per mm; basidiospores 4–5 × 2.5–3 μm P. agricola
      5. Pores 3–4 per mm; basidiospores 3.6–4 × 2.5–3 μm P. fumosoavellaneus
    • 1. Basidiomata usually resupinate T. resacarium
      1. Basidiomata pileate to effused-reflexed 2
      2. Basidiosporesr < 4 μm in length T. resacarium
      2. Basidiospores > 4 μm in length T. cystidiolatum
      3. Pores round to angular, 6–7 per mm T. perpusillum
      3. Pores angular to irpicoid, < 5 per mm 4
      4. Basidiospores > 4 μm in width T. anomalum
      4. Basidiospores < 4 μm in width 5
      5. Pore surface snuff brown to cigar brown T. perrottetii
      5. Pore surface light grayish brown to wood-colored or pale vinaceous buff 6
      6. Pores 3–5 per mm; basidiospores < 5.5 μm in length T. strigosum
      6. Pores 0.5–3 per mm; basidiospores > 5.5 μm in length 7
      7. Pore surface vinaceous brown, basidiospores 2–2.5 µm in width T. byssogenum
      7. Pore surface cream to wood-colored, basidiospores 2.7–3.6 µm in width T. longisporum
    • Genera Abbreviation Environmental factors Units Rate of
      contribution (%)      		 Permutation
      importance (%)
      Hirschioporus Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm 51.1 0.8
      Bio12 Annual precipitation mm 23.4 18.3
      Bio1 Annual mean temperature 6 4.6
      Bio11 Mean temperature of coldest quarter °C 6 1
      Bio6 Maximum temperature of warmest month °C 3.8 7.8
      Bio5 Maximum temperature of warmest month °C 2.9 29.3
      Bio7 Temperature annual range (Bio5-Bio6) °C 1.9 5.7
      Bio19 Precipitation of coldest quarter mm 0.9 8.7
      Bio10 Mean temperature of warmest quarter °C 1.2 8.5
      Bio16 Precipitation of wettest quarter mm 0.3 5.3
      Pallidohirschioporus Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm 41.5 0.7
      Bio12 Annual precipitation mm 22 5.2
      Bio17 Annual mean temperature mm 11.3 13.6
      Bio 5 Maximum temperature of warmest month °C 7.8 25.5
      Bio11 Mean temperature of coldest quarter °C 7.5 10.1
      Bio10 Mean temperature of warmest quarter °C 0.9 18.4
      Bio16 Precipitation of wettest quarter mm 0.5 9.2
      Bio19 Precipitation of coldest quarter mm 0.4 7.4
      Perennihirschioporus Bio16 Precipitation of wettest quarter mm 58.7 3.9
      Bio3 Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (× 100) C of V 10.8 10.3
      Bio4 Temperature seasonality (standard deviation x 100) °C 7.1 2.3
      Bio18 Precipitation of warmest quarter mm 2.6 5.4
      Bio19 Precipitation of coldest quarter mm 4.8 12.5
      Bio7 Temperature annual range (Bio5-Bio6) °C 1 10.7
      Bio8 Mean temperature of wettest quarter °C 0.7 14.6
      Bio9 Mean temperature of driest quarter °C 0.4 10.7
      Nigrohirschioporus Bio12 Annual precipitation mm 61.3 5.8
      Bio3 Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (× 100) C of V 13.3 10.7
      Bio11 Mean temperature of coldest quarter °C 6.9 46.3
      Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm 6.6 5.8
      Bio4 Temperature seasonality (standard deviation x 100) °C 1.2 5.2
      Trichaptum s.s. Bio6 Minimum temperature of coldest month °C 20.1 0.1
      Bio12 Annual precipitation mm 20.1 11.2
      Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm 15.3 4.5
      Bio3 Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (× 100) C of V 12 8.2
      Bio19 Precipitation of coldest quarter mm 7.7 4.2
      Bio4 Temperature seasonality (standard deviation x 100) °C 4.7 10
      Bio18 Precipitation of warmest quarter mm 3.5 8.8
      Bio7 Temperature annual range (Bio5-Bio6) °C 2.3 5.3
      Bio13 Precipitation of wettest month mm 0.8 5.6
      Pseudotrichaptum Bio14 Precipitation of driest month mm 57.6 1.1
      Bio1 Annual mean temperature °C 17.2 8.9
      Bio5 Max temperature of warmest month °C 7.7 42.3
      Bio18 Precipitation of warmest quarter mm 4.1% 6
      Bio4 Temperature seasonality (standard deviation x 100) C of V 2.5% 15.1
      Bio8 Mean temperature of wettest quarter °C 1.2 6.3
      Bio20 Elevation mm 0.7 8.8
      Bio10 Mean temperature of warmest quarter °C 0.5 5.9

      Table 5. 

      Contribution of various environmental variables to the distribution of Trichaptum s.l.