[1]

World Health Organization. Drought. www.who.int/health-topics/drought#tab=tab_1 (Retrieved July 27, 2023)

[2]

Sharma N, Acharya S, Kumar K, Singh N, Chaurasia OP. 2018. Hydroponics as an advanced technique for vegetable production: an overview. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 17:364−71

doi: 10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00056.5
[3]

Gruda NS. 2019. Increasing sustainability of growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates in soilless culture systems. Agronomy 9:298

doi: 10.3390/agronomy9060298
[4]

Walters KJ, Behe BK, Currey CJ, Lopez RG. 2020. Historical, current, and future perspectives for controlled environment hydroponic food crop production in the United States. HortScience 55:758−67

doi: 10.21273/hortsci14901-20
[5]

Ayarna AW, Tsukagoshi S, Oduro Nkansah G, Lu N, Maeda K. 2020. Evaluation of tropical tomato for growth, yield, nutrient, and water use efficiency in recirculating hydroponic system. Agriculture 10:252

doi: 10.3390/agriculture10070252
[6]

Verdoliva SG, Gwyn-Jones D, Detheridge A, Robson P. 2021. Controlled comparisons between soil and hydroponic systems reveal increased water use efficiency and higher lycopene and β-carotene contents in hydroponically grown tomatoes. Scientia Horticulturae 279:109896

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109896
[7]

Niu G, Masabni J. 2018. Plant production in controlled environments. Horticulturae 4:28

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae4040028
[8]

Sánchez E, Di Gioia F, Flax N. 2021. Hydroponics systems and principles of plant nutrition: essential nutrients, function, deficiency, and excess. Penn State Extension Fact Sheet. pp. 1–5. https://extension.psu.edu/hydroponics-systems-and-principles-of-plant-nutrition-essential-nutrients-function-deficiency-and-excess

[9]

Niu G, Masabni J. 2022. Hydroponics. In Plant Factory Basics, Applications and Advances, eds Kozai T, Niu G, Masabni J. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 153−66 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85152-7.00023-9

[10]

Shtaya MJY, Qubbaj T. 2022. Effect of different soilless agriculture methods on irrigation water saving and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Research on Crops 23:156−62

doi: 10.31830/2348-7542.2022.022
[11]

Frasetya B, Harisman K, Ramdaniah NAH. 2021. The effect of hydroponics systems on the growth of lettuce. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1098:042115

doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1098/4/042115
[12]

El-Nakhel C, Giordano M, Pannico A, Carillo P, Fusco GM, et al. 2019. Cultivar-specific performance and qualitative descriptors for butterhead salanova lettuce produced in closed soilless cultivation as a candidate salad crop for human life support in space. Life 9:61

doi: 10.3390/life9030061
[13]

Singh M, Singh G, Singh J. 2019. Nutrient and water use efficiency of cucumbers grown in soilless media under a naturally ventilated greenhouse. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 21:193−207

[14]

Baiyin B, Tagawa K, Yamada M, Wang X, Yamada S, et al. 2021. Effect of substrate flow rate on nutrient uptake and use efficiency in hydroponically grown Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.ssp. cicla 'seiyou shirokuki'). Agronomy 11:2050

doi: 10.3390/agronomy11102050
[15]

Valenzano V, Parente A, Serio F, Santamaria P. 2008. Effect of growing system and cultivar on yield and water-use efficiency of greenhouse-grown tomato. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 83:71−75

doi: 10.1080/14620316.2008.11512349
[16]

Claussen W. 2002. Growth, water use efficiency, and proline content of hydroponically grown tomato plants as affected by nitrogen source and nutrient concentration. Plant and Soil 247:199−209

doi: 10.1023/A:1021453432329
[17]

Fayezizadeh MR, Ansari NAZ, Albaji M, Khaleghi E. 2021. Effects of hydroponic systems on yield, water productivity and stomatal gas exchange of greenhouse tomato cultivars. Agricultural Water Management 258:107171

doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107171
[18]

da Silva MG, Soares TM, Gheyi HR, Costa IP, Vasconcelos RS. 2020. Growth, production and water consumption of coriander grown under different recirculation intervals and nutrient solution depths in hydroponic channels. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 32:281−94

doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i4.2094
[19]

Bloom AJ. 2015. The increasing importance of distinguishing among plant nitrogen sources. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 25:10−16

doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.03.002
[20]

Uchida R. 2000. Essential nutrients for plant growth: nutrient functions and deficiency symptoms. In Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, eds Silva JA, Uchida R. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 31–55. www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pnm3.pdf

[21]

Jamshidi AR, Moghaddam AG, Ghoraba FM. 2020. Simultaneous optimization of water usage efficiency and yield of cucumber planted in a columnar aeroponic system. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 7:365−75

doi: 10.22059/IJHST.2020.291788.323
[22]

Ali MM, Khater ESG, Ali SA, El-Haddad ZA. 2017. Comparison between hydroponic and aeroponic systems for lettuce production. Thesis. Benha University, Egypt.

[23]

Bedair OM. 2017. Vertical-farming irrigation system appropriate for lettuce and celery crops. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 34:1701−18

[24]

Mouroutoglou C, Kotsiras A, Ntatsi G, Savvas D. 2021. Impact of the hydroponic cropping system on growth, yield, and nutrition of a Greek sweet onion (Allium cepa L.) Landrace. Horticulturae 7:432

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7110432
[25]

Chabite IT, Zhang L, Yao N, Fu Q, Yu H. 2017. Mode of managing nutrient solution based on N use efficiency for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of Food Science and Engineering 7:29−37

doi: 10.17265/2159-5828/2017.01.003
[26]

Tiwari JK, Devi S, Buckseth T, Ali N, Singh RK, et al. 2020. Precision phenotyping of contrasting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in a novel aeroponics system for improving nitrogen use efficiency: in search of key traits and genes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 19:51−61

doi: 10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62625-0
[27]

Tiwari JK, Buckseth T, Devi S, Varshney S, Sahu S, et al. 2020. Physiological and genome-wide RNA-sequencing analyses identify candidate genes in a nitrogen-use efficient potato cv. Kufri Gaurav. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 154:171−83

doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.041
[28]

Tiwari JK, Buckseth T, Singh RK, Zinta R, Thakur K, et al. 2022. Aeroponic evaluation identifies variation in Indian potato varieties for root morphology, nitrogen use efficiency parameters and yield traits. Journal of Plant Nutrition 45:2696−709

doi: 10.1080/01904167.2022.2046080
[29]

Gaudin ACM, McClymont SA, Raizada MN. 2011. The nitrogen adaptation strategy of the wild teosinte ancestor of modern maize, Zea mays subsp. parviglumis. Crop Science 51:2780−95

doi: 10.2135/cropsci2010.12.0686
[30]

Kozai T, Niu G, Takagaki M. 2015. Plant Factory An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production. Cambridge: Academic Press. 423 pp.