[1] |
Cosic D, Dahal S, Kitzmuller M. 2017. Climbing Higher: Toward a Middle-Income Nepal. Country Economic Memorandum. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. 70 pp. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/358501495199225866/Climbing-higher-toward-a-middle-income-Nepal |
[2] |
CEIC. 2022. Nepal GDP per Capita. Report. www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nepal/gdp-per-capita (Accessed on Feb 21, 2023). |
[3] |
CBS and OPHI. 2021. Multidimensional poverty index: analysis towards action. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) of the Government of Nepal, and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). Kathmandu. 106 pp. https://ophi.org.uk/publications/Nepal-MPI-report-2021 |
[4] |
Sujakhu NM, Ranjitkar S, Niraula RR, Pokharel BK, Schmidt-Vogt D, et al. 2016. Farmers’ Perceptions of and Adaptations to Changing Climate in the Melamchi Valley of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 36:15−30 doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00032.1 |
[5] |
Cheong DD, Bock B, Roep D. 2024. Unpacking gender mainstreaming: a critical discourse analysis of agricultural and rural development policy in Myanmar and Nepal. Agriculture and Human Values 41:599−613 doi: 10.1007/s10460-023-10502-x |
[6] |
Tuladhar R, Sapkota C, Adhikari N. 2014. Effects of migration and remittance income on Nepal's agriculture yield. ADB South Asia Working Paper Series. Manila, Philippines. 27 pp. www.adb.org/publications/effects-migration-and-remittance-income-nepals-agriculture-yield |
[7] |
Ghimire DJ, Axinn WG, Bhandari P. 2021. Social change, out-migration, and exit from farming in Nepal. Population and Environment 42:302−24 doi: 10.1007/s11111-020-00363-5 |
[8] |
KC B, Race D. 2020. Outmigration and Land-Use Change : A Case Study. Land 9(1):2 doi: 10.3390/land9010002 |
[9] |
Sujakhu NM, Ranjitkar S, Su Y, He J, Xu J. 2023. A gendered perspective on climate change adaptation strategies: a case study from Yunnan, China. Local Environment 28:117−33 doi: 10.1080/13549839.2022.2130883 |
[10] |
Assouto AB, Houensou DA, Semedo G. 2020. Price risk and farmers’ decisions: A case study from Benin. Scientific African 8:e00311 doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00311 |
[11] |
Giller KE, Delaune T, Silva JV, Descheemaeker K, van de Ven G, et al. 2021. The future of farming: Who will produce our food? Food Security 13:1073−99 doi: 10.1007/s12571-021-01184-6 |
[12] |
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2019. Eight ways to grow Nepal's agricultural sector: A rapid market assessment and ranking of agricultural sector. 1st Edition. www.ilo.org/publications/eight-ways-grow-nepals-agricultural-sector-rapid-market-assessment-and |
[13] |
Porter JR, Xie L, Challinor AJ, Cochrane K, Howden SM, et al. 2014. Food Security and Food Production Systems. In Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken D J, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, et al. Cambridge, UK; New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 485–534. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415379 |
[14] |
Brinkman HJ, Hendrix CS. 2011. Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict : Causes, Consequences, and Addressing the Challenges. Occasional Paper. Rome, Italy: World Food Programme. 32 pp. |
[15] |
Herrera JP, Rabezara JY, Ravelomanantsoa NAF, Metz M, France C, et al. 2021. Food insecurity related to agricultural practices and household characteristics in rural communities of northeast Madagascar. Food Security 13:1393−405 doi: 10.1007/s12571-021-01179-3 |
[16] |
Matavel C, Hoffmann H, Rybak C, Steinke J, Sieber S, et al. 2022. Understanding the drivers of food security among agriculture-based households in Gurué District, Central Mozambique. Agriculture and Food Security 11:7 doi: 10.1186/s40066-021-00344-3 |
[17] |
NPC and WFP. 2019. The Food Security Atlas of Nepal, 1st Edition. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commision, Government of Nepal and United Nations World Food Programme. 56 pp. https://un.org.np/sites/default/files/doc_internal/2020-08/Food_Security_Atlas_2019.pdf |
[18] |
Breisinger C, Ecker O, Trinh Tan JF. 2015. Conflict and food insecurity: How do we break the links? 2014–2015 Global Food Policy Report. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). pp. 51−60. |
[19] |
Lin TK, Kafri R, Hammoudeh W, Mitwalli S, Jamaluddine Z, et al. 2022. Pathways to food insecurity in the context of conflict: the case of the occupied Palestinian territory. Conflict and Health 16(1):38 doi: 10.1186/s13031-022-00470-0 |
[20] |
Pawlak K, Kołodziejczak M. 2020. The role of agriculture in ensuring food security in developing countries: considerations in the context of the problem of sustainable food production. Sustainability 12:5488 doi: 10.3390/su12135488 |
[21] |
Pérez-Escamilla R. 2017. Food security and the 2015–2030 sustainable development goals: from human to planetary health. Current Developments in Nutrition 1:e000513 doi: 10.3945/cdn.117.000513 |
[22] |
GC RK, Hall RP. 2020. The commercialization of smallholder farming - a case study from the rural western middle hills of Nepal. Agriculture 10:143 doi: 10.3390/agriculture10050143 |
[23] |
GON. 2023. National Population and Housing Census 2021. National Statistical Office, Govenrment of Nepal. https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Index (Accessed on Apr 1, 2023 |
[24] |
Pandey S, Fusaro V. 2020. Food insecurity among women of reproductive age in Nepal: prevalence and correlates. BMC Public Health 20:175 doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8298-4 |
[25] |
GON. 2015. Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) 2015 to 2035, Part: 1. Report. Governemnt of Nepal, Ministry of Agricultural Development: Kathmandu, Nepal. 323 pp. http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nep171433.pdf |
[26] |
Robinson RS. 2014. Purposive Sampling. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, ed. Michalos AC. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 5243–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2337 |
[27] |
Brunette W, Hartung C. 2023. The Open Data Kit Project. In Introduction to Development Engineering, eds. Madon T, Gadgil AJ, Anderson R, Casaburi, L, Lee K, et al. Cham: Springer. pp. 613–37. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_23 |
[28] |
Sunam R, Adhikari J. 2016. How does transnational labour migration shape food security and food sovereignty? Evidence from Nepal. Anthropological Forum 26:248−61 doi: 10.1080/00664677.2016.1197819 |
[29] |
Adhikari J, Timsina J, Khadka SR, Ghale Y, Ojha H. 2021. COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs. Agricultural Systems 186:102990 doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102990 |
[30] |
Zendehdel K, Sloboda BW, Horner EC. 2021. Economic impact analysis of farmers' markets in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area: evidence of a circular economy. Sustainability 13:7333 doi: 10.3390/su13137333 |
[31] |
Díaz-Siefer P, Fontúrbel FE, Berasaluce M, Huenchuleo C, Lal R, et al. 2022. The market–society–policy nexus in sustainable agriculture. Environment, Development and Sustainability 00:1−20 doi: 10.1007/s10668-022-02691-y |
[32] |
FAO. 2017. The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges. Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy. 180 pp. www.fao.org/global-perspectives-studies/resources/detail/en/c/458158/ |
[33] |
WFP. 2007. Food and Agricultural Markets in Nepal. United Nations World Food Programme and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Kathmandu, Nepal. 89 pp. https://neksap.org.np/allpublications/food-and-agricultural-markets-in-nepal-february-2007 |
[34] |
Kassie M, Jaleta M, Shiferaw B, Mmbando F, Mekuria M. 2013. Adoption of interrelated sustainable agricultural practices in smallholder systems: Evidence from rural Tanzania. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80:525−40 doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.08.007 |
[35] |
Mellon-Bedi S, Descheemaeker K, Hundie-Kotu B, Frimpong S, Groot JCJ. 2020. Motivational factors influencing farming practices in northern Ghana. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 92:1−13 doi: 10.1016/j.njas.2020.100326 |
[36] |
Ranjitkar S, Bu D, Sujakhu NM, Gilbert M, Robinson TP, et al. 2021. Mapping tree species distribution in support of China’s integrated tree-livestock-crop system. Circular Agricultural System 1:2 doi: 10.48130/CAS-2021-0002 |
[37] |
Ranjitkar S, Su Y. 2020. Yunnan Agriculture 2050: Climate Change and the Prospects of Plateau Characteristic Agriculture. Kunming, Yunnan, China: Yunnan Science and Technology Press. 160 pp. |
[38] |
Ranjitkar S, Sujakhu NM, Lu Y, Wang Q, Wang M, et al. 2016. Climate modelling for agroforestry species selection in Yunnan Province, China. Environmental Modelling and Software 75:263−72 doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.10.027 |
[39] |
Quandt A, Neufeldt H, Gorman K. 2023. Climate change adaptation through agroforestry: opportunities and gaps. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 60:101244 doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101244 |
[40] |
Tschora H, Cherubini F. 2020. Co-benefits and trade-offs of agroforestry for climate change mitigation and other sustainability goals in West Africa. Global Ecology and Conservation 22:e00919 doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00919 |
[41] |
Bonuedi I, Kornher L, Gerber N. 2022. Agricultural seasonality, market access, and food security in Sierra Leone. Food Security 14:471−94 doi: 10.1007/s12571-021-01242-z |